New Meaning in a Brave New World :: Brave New World

New Meaning in a Brave New World The motto of the "Brave New World" was "Community, Identity, and Stability." In the following essay the actual meanings of these terms will be addressed. The term "Community" really did not have the meaning that we are accustomed to hearing and speaking in the modern day and age (1996). Instead it stands for almost a lack of "Community", meaning that there is no choice of where one ranks in the "Community", instead you are assigned even before production (natural birth is non-existent) your place in society and a person could never know what are the differences between being an Alpha or a Gamma. A person in the community is shared by everyone in the "Community", everyone belongs to everyone every person is shared sexually with one another, and there is no emotional bond because are breed not to have them. The term "Identity" is a complete opposite from the way that we are accustomed to seeing it and feeling it, in other words it is non-existent no one has any feelings, and no one posses any of their own personal characteristics, they are all alike. If a person were to try and find their own identity they were looked down upon and had to take a soma holiday (soma was a legal drug that took away all of a persons feelings or individualized idea’s). The soma holiday was everyone’s way out of having to deal with anything unpleasant or their way of having a good time. The "Stability" in the "Brave New World" is a different sort of "Stability", the "Stability" in "Brave New World" is economic stability, clothes were not to be mended, instead new ones were to be purchased to support economic stability and growth. Nothing was allowed to be produced or purchased that was not very expensive and did not require money to keep it in good running condition. If the society let cheap things onto the market or things were fixed easily what would happen to the vast economic society, it would develop cracks and eventually fall to the ground with a thundering crash. The entire society in "Brave New World" was based solely on science and technology and not on the social aspect of people, personal freedoms, and feeling differently from your fellow man. Science and technology was not only the basis of their being, and the way they lived it was also the sole reason that life seemed so different than it does in the present day and age (1996).

An Ideal Holiday.

After a long period of working, person decides to have an ideal holiday, which needs little arrangement. About myself I have different ways to decide how to spend my holiday. First of all, I will try to travel with my family abroad to any country. A country that we haven’t traveled to before. Another thing I should put in mind is to look for a country that has a nice cold weather. And most important, I will be looking for a country which is safe and secure to me and my family.Second, I will try to spend my holiday inside the other cities in my country. I will try to choose different places in the UAE, such as Al-Ain, Khorfakan, Hatta, Fujairah, Sharjah and Ras Al-Khaimah. I will try to spend three to four days in each place, where I can visit the most attractive parks, beaches, museums, mountains and restaurants. Thirdly, if I couldn’t travel abroad or I couldn’t spend it in other places outside my city I will plan to spend my holiday in the same city I am living in.This is by looking in the news papers, internet or Television about the different activities and events held in the different places in my city to be able to reach them easily. Finally, I believe if everyone tried to think in this way to choose his/her holiday, they will be successful in choosing the ideal holiday and therefore it will be the most interesting moments in life. This is because you will be spending your holiday in something that is arranged and at the same time interesting.

History And Growth Of Sainsburys Plc - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4680 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? J Sainsbury plc is a UK based food retailer with business interest in financial services. The Companys principal activities are grocery, related retailing and financial services. Its businesses are organized into three operating segments: Retailing (Supermarkets and Convenience); Financial services (Sainsburys Bank joint venture), and Property investment (British Land joint venture and Land Securities joint venture). It operates a total of 872 stores comprising 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores which consists of Sainsburys Supermarkets, Sainsburys Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont and Sainsburys Online. The company is headquartered in Holborn, London and employs approximately 150,000 people. Sainsbury is listed on the London Stock Exchange and as of 10th August 9, 2010 has a market capitalization of 6600 million. The current market share of the company is 16.1% in UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History And Growth Of Sainsburys Plc" essay for you Create order History and growth UK supermarket group J Sainsbury was originally founded in Drury Lane, London, in 1869 and grew rapidly during the Victorian era. Its reputation grew for selling high quality products at low prices. It was as far back as 1882 when its strategy of high quality products at premium prices in more affluent areas began to develop. Facing serious competition from larger chains, Drury Lane expanded threefold between 1890-1900 so that he could benefit from purchasing economies of scale and compete with contemporary rivals. From then on the company grew strength by strength. By 1970s it had reached the scale of operation and gained public status so in 1973 the group began life as listed company which at the time was the UKs largest ever flotation. John Sainsbury was Chairman during this period and he remained in control from1969 until 1992. During his stewardship the company pursued a strategy of growth through market development into new geographic areas and new store development in the shap e of large out of town outlets. There was expansion in north of England and Northern Ireland. These new formats allowed for a much larger product range and spurred on new product development and innovation. In a ten year period to 1994, its product choice had more than doubled and included product ranges to suit changing consumer tastes such as exotic fruits, reduced fat products etc. Its strategy of innovation also utilized the development of technology through computerized stock control, in store scanning and sales ordering, all of which enabled the company to gain a competitive advantage and become the number one food retailer in the UK. However Sainsburys has been unable to sustain its strategic position of market leadership. In 1995,  Tesco overtook Sainsburys to become the market leader, and  Asda  became the second largest in 2003, demoting Sainsburys into third place. The group moved into financial services with the establishment of joint venture between Sainsburys Bank and Lloyds Banking Group. It also has two property joint ventures with Land Securities Group Plc and The British Land Company Plc. Product and market Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT is an abbreviation for  Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment. Once key strategic issues have been identified, they feed into business objectives. Strengths and weakness are internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are external factors. It is important to note the strengths and weaknesses are intrinsic value-creating skills or assets, or the lack of, relative to competitive forces. Opportunities and threats are external factors which are not created by the organisation, but emerge as a result of the competitive dynamics caused by future gaps in the market. The advantage of using swot analysis is that it enables an organisation to spot business opportunities and exploit them fully. It also enables an organisation to anticipate future business threats and take action to avoid or minimise their impact. However, swot analysis may capture too much data and it may be difficult to analysis and come to a conclusion. The problem of accessing to quality internal data can be difficult to get. Strengths Market presence in UK Sainsbury is one of the oldest supermarkets in UK with a market share of around 16%. It has had thirteen straight quarters of growth showing real turnaround in its business. Sainsbury offers around 30000 products through its 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores. The company also has a good market presence in its internet based home delivery shopping services. Strong presence in the UK has not only enhanced the bargaining power of the company but also strengthen its brand image. It has also won Supermarket of the Year in 2009 by Retail Industry Awards. Private brands Over the years Sainsbury has developed a private brand portfolio. There are food and non food categories. Under the food category Taste the difference (Ttd) is the companys biggest sub brand and the company also offers organic products under Sainsburys SO organic range. In the non food category Sainsbury offers clothing and home and lifestyle products under TU and TU home brand. Another brand Basics is the companys fastest growing own-brand range which comprises of 650 products. In the time of financial crisis private brand portfolio increase profitability Leadership Sainsbury has an extremely experienced leadership team with Justin King, its Chief Executive receiving great praise for his work in Sainsburys. Green company Due to Sainsburys various initiatives and commitments like buying fair-trade goods, it is very well placed on green and environmental issues. Recently, the companies launch of eco-friendly milk bags and jugs have been a major hit among its customers.   It has a positive consumer brand and its liked by both green activists and consumers. Price Structure Sainsburys focus on fair prices has a broad appeal and has really helped itself to differentiate from its competitors as well as its introduction of Shop and Save, Switch and Save, Cook and Save and Collect and Save offers have really worked well especially during this time of recession without compromising on choice or quality. Celebrity endorsement With Jamie Oliver Sainsbury has seen uplift in its sales of specific ingredients that have been featured in his advertisements. For example, the supermarket had to order nine tons the equivalent of two years supply of nutmeg to meet demand when it appeared in one of Olivers hundred-plus ads. Weakness Takeover bid In 2008, the takeover bid from Qataris Private equity firm had some implications as people were gravitating towards British companies and the prospect of Sainsburys being governed by a foreign firm can lead to consumers switching loyalties. Market Unlike Sainsburys expansion plan which is only in UK its biggest competitor is going global, this can lead to trouble especially if there is some problem within food retailing in the UK or if there needs to be a source of extra growth Temporary IT problem There had been some problems with online grocery service due to technical problems from its internet service provider there was also problem with its online store and had to be shut down which affected more than 10,000 online shoppers. Suspension of the services could adversely affect goodwill and also lead to loss of customer confidence Lower return on pension assets Sainsbury has witnessed significant movements in returns on pension schemes in 2009 as compared to 2008. These have resulted in a reduction of 30 million in the net return on pension schemes, of which 19 million is due to an increase in interest on pension liabilities and 11 million is due to a lower rate of return on pension assets. The associated decline in the value of pension assets has contracted Sainsburys capacity towards meeting retirement obligations. As of march 2009, the present value of the companys retirement benefit obligations less the fair value of plan assets was a deficit of 222 million as compared to a surplus of 366 million in FY2008. Sainsbury will have to revise its strategy of meeting its retirement obligations. Opportunities Alternative business Sainsburys alternative business presents an opportunity to diversify risk and future growth. Its investments in property and bank seem a good strategy to pursue. Online sales are also a great opportunity, since online margins are higher and investments are not huge. Expanding presence Sainsbury has taken a huge initiative in its expansion plan since a long time. In 2009 it opened 51 convenience stores with Total convenience estate coming to 335 stores. It has got plans to open 75 to 100 stores in 2010/11 Healthy food initiative Consumers are showing increased preference for fat free and organic food products. The companys 1 per cent fat milk, launched in April 2008, is now consumed in around 2.5 million UK households. The company has reduced the sugar in all of its squash lines by 10%. The company is thus well positioned to benefit from the growing demand for healthy and organic foods. Threats Recession Recession is a major threat to Sainsburys operations due to lesser disposable income with the consumers. Based on the falling GDP rates during late 2008 and early 2009, The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that the UK economy has contracted 4.2% in 2009. The property rates had also gone down during this period. These problems result into lesser margins and immense pressure on sales. Competition Sainsbury faces severe competition from other retailers like Tesco, Asda, Marks and Spencers and other local stores. Due to intense competition in this sector, Marks and Spencers and Waitrose are coming up with expansion plans both in the UK and emerging economies like India and China. Increasing competition from these large players could affect Sainsburys margins and market share. Government policies The recent increase in government taxes (VAT) and the announcement of reduced public spending, will affect sales margin and future investments and infrastructure projects. The increase of vat from 15% to 17.5% on non food items and petrol has been unwelcome and there is a speculation that food prices are likely to be affected. Porters Five Force Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis was developed by Michael Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It is used to understand the competitive and attractiveness of the industry. It is based on the idea that a company gets a competitive advantage if it gets a quicker return on investment than its competitors do. The forces affect the companys ability to make profits and serve its customers. It is very useful tool for the investors and lenders of the firm. It focuses on a single business or market rather than on a particular product or group of products. Competitive rivalry Competitive rivals are organizations with similar services aimed at the same customer segments. If there are few barriers to entry, rivalry is high. In the case of Sainsbury whose core business is retail, there is an intense competition. Sainsbury has the market share of 16% in UK (2010). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. Other competitors include Asda, Morrisons, Waitrose and MS who have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsbury has an advantage because of its growing number of convenience store which reflects in its larger customer reach. Banks are also its competitors but it is not there core business. Barriers for entry Barriers to entry are factors that need to be overcome by a new entrant if it wants to compete successfully. The easier the entry for new company in an industry, tougher the competition and vice versa. In the retail industry the barrier to entry is quite high due to many factors. Firstly, organized retail is a complex sector with heavy investments. A significant brand development is also required which takes many years to develop along with customer loyalty. Secondly, the fixed costs and switching costs are high for a start up and finally, local knowledge is very important in this business something which is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. Sainsbury is very well situated in this factor because of its brand and customer loyalty. Threats of Substitutes Substitutes are products or services that offer similar benefits but by a different process. Substitution reduces demand for the product as customers switch to different alternatives. The threat of substitutes in retail sector is low as customers view it as a necessity. It cannot be replaced. So the danger for retail industry is very low. The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. The retail industry is also very complex especially in developed countries and are always including new innovations in their respective business. Hence substitution is low Buyer power Buyers are the organizations immediate customers and may not necessarily be the ultimate customers. In the case of retailers the buyer power is very high as competition among retailers is intense and the switching cost for customers is low. The factors that affect buying power are prices, customer loyalty and now a days green credentials. In this time of recession consumer needs are given very high preference, increasing their power considerably. Supplier power Suppliers supply the organization with what is required to be produced or service. These can include land, labour, finance etc. in retail industry supplier power is more problematical as it is difficult to classify them in categories. Some of the suppliers like PG, Unilever, Cadbury etc are very big and have a brand appeal. If supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful and if products of these companies dont reach the supermarkets their sales volumes will be affected. Hence they are mutually dependent. Power of small suppliers wont be considerable because of their limited sales volume. Chapter 2 (Financial Analysis) This chapter deals with the quantitative analysis of Sainsbury with regards to its own past performance. The tool used to investigate it is ratio analysis. Financial ratios are used to conduct the fundamental analysis of the company. These ratios enable us to an in-depth understanding of business by systematic review of its financial statements. Most of the financial ratios can be calculated by the information provided in the financial statements. Each ratio that is calculated is detailed with regards to the interest of three different stakeholders (investors, lenders and creditors). According to Maclaney and Atrill (2002), ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ratios provide an overview of the businesss financial condition. The ratios are usually grouped into categories each of which relates to particular aspect of financial performance or position. The category of ratios calculated includes liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, gearing ratios, investment ratios and cash based ratios. These ratios are widely used to understand the well being of the company. They involve comparison of data from balance sheet or income statement and are dealt with a particular focus in mind. The importances of financial ratios are many. Firstly, they are simple to use and easy to calculate. Secondly, they enable a person to examine the relationships between unrelated items and aid in decision making. Moreover, they can be used to compare the business performance against itself, i.e. time series analysis or used to compare between other similar businesses i.e. cross sectional analysis or against the industry or particular sector. It also takes into consideration the size of the business and finally, ratios summaries complex financial data into percentages and key indictors. Although financial ratios provide us an in depth understanding they come up with a set of a limitations. Financial practitioners should be aware of these limitations to get the accurate picture of the firm. The first limitation of ratio analysis is that the quality of ratio analysis totally depends upon the quality of the financial statement. They automatically inherit the limitations of the statements used. This problem can be solved if resources are provided to a person to make his own statement. The ratios are also subject to the limitations of accounting standards followed by the company. e.g., companies can use different methods of FIFO or LIFO for its inventories which affect the ratios significantly. The ratios are time sensitive; they can only analyze at the time when the figures are prepared. The usefulness of the particular ratio may depend upon factors like, the type of business, the point in the business cycle, seasonal factors etc. The second limitation for financial analysis is inflation. Inflation might badly misrepresent a firms balance sheet. The balance sheet value might be understated because according to accounting convention Balance sheet values are reported at historical cost and are not adjusted for inflation. This problem can be solved by using real (inflation adjusted) figures. The third limitation of ratio analysis is that it doesnt capture significant off-balance sheet items. Some companies may have significant amounts of off-balance sheet assets and liabilities. Another problem with ratio analysis is that one cannot exclusively rely on ratios because ratios measures relative performance and positions and provide only part of the picture. For example, the comparisons of ROCE of two companies can be 20 and 25 percent and the one with 25% can sound attractive but one should also look at the absolute value of operating profit which can be more for the company with 20% ROCE. It is therefore important to look at absolute values especially when it comes to profits, capital employed, assets, etc. The other problem with ratio analysis is that there might be a difficulty to compare among the companies especially those companies who operate in different industries. Difference of choices in financing makes it even more difficult to find a meaningful set of industry-average ratios. Finally, Ratios are also subject to illegal manipulations through window-dressing of accounts and are more common than investors and regulator would like. A company may have some good or bad rations, making it difficult to judge whether it is a good or bad company. In short financial ratios analyzed in unthinking manner can be dangerous and in contrast if used intelligently, can provide a true picture about a firms performance. Liquidity measurements ratios According to Robinson et. al (2009, p.795) liquidity ratios are Financial ratios measuring the companys ability to meet short-term obligations. This is done by comparing companies most liquid assets to its short term current liabilities. Higher liquidity ratio suggests that the company can pay of its debts that are due in the near future and still fund its current operations. A lower ratio suggests that the company may have difficulty in continuing its business smoothly and is a bad sign for investors and lenders of the company. Current ratio The current ratio compares the liquid assets of the business to its current liabilities. In theory, the higher the current ratio, the better but a too high current ratio may indicate improper utilization of resources. From the graph above one can observe that the ratio has increased by 22% as compared to 2009. Sainsbury has adequate current assets to match their current liabilities, but it is below the industry average. Investments in current assets have decreased over the period of time. This is because of the rigorous long term venture investments. Quick ratio Also known as acid test ratio, it is quite similar to current ratio although it represents a more stringent test of liquidity. This ratio is helpful because for many businesses like that of Sainsburys, inventories cannot be converted into cash quickly. This ratio is useful for Suppliers, lenders and investors. The quick ratio indicates an improvement in the current year but it is still below industrial averages. There has been a continuous decline over the period of time because of the long term investment activities. However, liquidity might not be a problem because of Sainsburys incredible days in payables and receivables period. Shareholders liquidity   Shareholders Funds / Long Term Liabilities Shows how much worth of Shareholders Funds exist for every pounds worth of long term debt. It is nothing but Shareholders Funds / Long Term Liabilities. Shareholders liquidity has increased in the five years. Sainsburys shareholders have complete faith in the company as the company is managing to remain profitable even in this time of recession and in the long run. Profitability ratios Profitability ratios are good indicators of the financial performance of the company. These ratios gives us a good undestanding of how sucessfully the company utilizes its resources in generating profits and stakeholder value. As profit is the key indicator of the business , it measures the companys use of assets and its control over its expenses. Profiatbility is vital for the survival of the company and hence are important from the investors and lenders point of view. Gross profit margin The gross profit margin relates gross profit of the business with the sales revenue genereated. The ratio measures profitability in buying and selling goods before any other expenses are taken into into consideration. In retail industry the cost of goods sold is very high and the profit margins are low. For sainsbury there has been a steady decline in gross profit margine over the period of time. There was a sharp decline in gross profit especially in the year 2008 which was due to the economic downturn whose effects were experienced by the whole retail industry. There were changes in purchasing behaviour as well, in order to tackle these problems sainsbury focused on cutting wastage and investments in value for money and basic goods were made. Sainsbury also focused on intrnet retailing to increease its sales and manage the inflation of the goods. Operating profit margin Also known as net profit margin, it relates operating profit to sales revenue during that period. It is a measurement of how much revenue is left with the company after paying for variable costs and can be used to determine efficiency of operations. Sainsbury has been successful in its operational efficiency and has shown a steady growth since 2008. This growth has been despite the recession because of Sainsburys strategic planning and implementation. However OPM is still low as compared to its peer competition Tesco (5.48 %). Return on capital employed This ratio compares relationship between the operating profit and the average long term capital investment. It shows how much business is gaining from its assets. In retail industry the ROCE is low because firms have heavy investments in land and also because of low profit margins. For Sainsbury there has been a drop in ROCE by 5.5% as compared with the previous year. In 2009, the ROCE was high mainly because of the proceeds attained from disposal of property which was used to finance overall operations. However, the overall ROCE trend has been quite stable and proves proper utilization of assets. Efficiency Ratios Efficiency ratios measure the efficiency of a company to do its daily operations such as inventory management turnover of receivables and liability repayments. Some of the ratios are also used to measure firms overall performance in long term basis. Higher efficiency ratios are considered to be good indicators of company operations. Debtor collection period This efficiency ratio indicates the time taken by the business to collect the debts owed to it by its customers. In retail industry, the debt collection is low because almost all transactions are done on cash basis. An increase in debtor collection can be due to a bad debt problem or change in companies settlement policies. The ability of Sainsbury to recover debts has improved over the period of time and is doing really great as compared to its competitors. Creditor turnover period This ratio measures the average time taken by a company to pay its suppliers. In retail industry this can be distorted as payment periods are different for different suppliers. The suppliers are willing to extend the settlement period to only those retailers who have good reputation and early settlement period. It is better for retailers to have low creditor turnover. It can be observed that Sainsbury is in a position to recover money from their debtors and later pay to their suppliers. Sainsbury is in a good position but higher creditor turnover can be bad to the business as it may indicate liquidity problems. Asset turnover ratio This ratio indicates the effectiveness of the firms total asset and measures the amount of sales revenue generated over the amount spent in the total assets. In retail industry the asset turnover ratio is high because of low profit margins. Sainsbury is doing well as compared to its peers and indicates a proper utilization of its assets. This analysis is important especially to the lenders and investors of the firm. A vey high turnover ratio may also be a problem because it means that the firm is over investing in its assets in spite of low sales volumes as compared to its competitors. Stock turnover ratio This ratio measures the number of days a firm takes to clear its stock and replace it with new stock. In retail industry the lower the number of days, the better performance of the firm as longer period increases cost and indicates bad sales strategies. This ratio can fluctuate if Sainsbury increases or decreases its food items from fresh food category or non food category depending upon the life span of the item. Sainsbury has a balanced stock turnover ratio as compared with industry average standards, and indicates no problem in selling its items. Sales per employees This ratio indicates the human resource efficiency of the company. It is the most important aspect of any business and as it shows the core competencies of the firm. In general a higher ratio is considered to be good as it indicate better productivity. Sainsbury has a balanced sale per employee ratio and indicates that Sainsbury can do more sales with fewer employees. Other possibility may be that Sainsbury products are really good and employees have little to do with the sales revenue. Cash flow ratios: Cash flow ratios are the best indicators for solvency and liquidity of the company and are not subject to accounting assumptions and allocations. The traditional ratios always suffer from the defects of the financial statement on which they are based. The ratios calculated from financial statements (profit and loss account and balance sheet) are computed using accounting conventions. Hence cash based ratios shows the true image of the company and provide the users a useful control when assessing accounting based performance.The different cash based ratios and their uses are discussed below. Quality of earning It is very difficult for outsiders like investors, creditors, etc to determine if earnings are based on the true capabilities and operational capabilities of the company or if it is taking advantage of accounting tricks to artificially increase the profits. This simple ratio helps to determine the quality of the earning and is calculated by dividing cash flow to operating profits. It measures what percentage of profits is represented by cash flow. The above figure indicates that the quality of earning has gone down at a substantial rate. The reason might be because of high inflation rate In UK and also due to intensive expansion of Sainsbury over the period of time. In spite of this ratio, creditors are getting paid on timely basis and with enough cash Sainsbury will timely pay its financial costs on time. Quality of Sales This ratio measures what proportion of reported sales revenue is represented by cash generation. It is closely related to debtor collection period. This ratio is very important for the investors and lenders of the firm. In retail industry the sales revenue and cash collection show similar pattern. The higher the ratio the better for the company as it indicates fewer bad debts and prompt debtor collection period. Following table represents the quality of sales for Sainsbury. Cash interest coverage ratio This ratio is used to measure the companys efficiency to pay interest expenses on outstanding debts to its lenders. This ratio is calculated The  interest coverage ratio  is used to determine how easily a company can pay interest expenses on outstanding debt. The ratio is calculated by dividing a companys  earnings before interest and taxes  (EBIT) by the companys interest expenses for the same period. The lower the ratio, the more the company is burdened by debt expense. When a companys interest coverage ratio is only 1.5 or lower, its ability to meet interest expenses may be questionable.

History of the Millerites, a Religious Sect

The Millerites were members of a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹religious sect  who became famous in 19th century America for fervently believing the world was about to end. The name came from William Miller, an Adventist preacher from New York State who gained an enormous following for asserting, in fiery sermons, that Christ’s return was imminent. At hundreds of tent meetings around America throughout the summers of the early 1840s, Miller and others convinced as many as one million Americans that Christ would be resurrected between the spring of 1843 and the spring of 1844. People came up with precise dates and prepared to meet their end. As the various dates passed and the end of the world did not occur, the movement began to be ridiculed in the press. In fact, the name Millerite was originally bestowed upon the sect by detractors before coming into common usage in newspaper reports. The date of October 22, 1844, was eventually chosen as the day when Christ would return and the faithful would ascend to heaven. There were reports of Millerites selling or giving away their worldly possessions, and even donning white robes to ascend to heaven. The world did not end, of course. And while some followers of Miller gave up on him, he went on to play a role in the founding of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Life of William Miller William Miller was born February 15, 1782, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in New York State and received a spotty education, which would have been typical for the time. However, he read books from a local library and essentially educated himself. He married in 1803 and became a farmer. He served in the War of 1812, rising to the rank of captain. Following the war, he returned to farming and became intensely interested in religion. Over a period of 15 years, he studied scripture and became obsessed with the idea of prophecies. About 1831 he began to preach the idea that the world would end with the return of Christ close to the year 1843. He had calculated the date by studying Biblical passages and assembling clues which led him to create a complicated calendar. Over the next decade, he developed into a forceful public speaker, and his preaching became extraordinarily popular. A publisher of religious works, Joshua Vaughan Himes, became involved with Miller in 1839. He encouraged Miller’s work and used a considerable organizational ability to spread Miller’s prophecies. Himes arranged to have an enormous tent made, and organized a tour so Miller could preach to hundreds of people at a time. Himes also arranged for Miller’s works to be published, in the form of books, handbills, and newsletters. As Miller’s fame spread, many Americans came to take his prophecies seriously. And even after the world did not end in October 1844, some disciples still clung to their beliefs. A common explanation was that Biblical chronology was inaccurate, therefore Miller’s calculations produced an unreliable result. After he was essentially proven wrong, Miller lived for another five years, dying at his home in Hampton, New York, on December 20, 1849. His most devoted followers branched off and founded other denominations, including the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Fame of the Millerites As Miller and some of his followers preached at hundreds of meetings in the early 1840s, newspapers naturally covered the popularity of the movement. And converts to Miller’s thinking began to attract attention by preparing themselves, in public ways, for the world to end and for the faithful to enter heaven. The newspaper coverage tended to be dismissive if not blatantly hostile. And when the various dates proposed for the end of the world came and went, the stories about the sect often portrayed followers as delusional or insane. Typical stories would detail eccentricities of sect members, which often included tales of them giving away possessions which they would no longer need when they ascended to heaven. For instance, a story in the New York Tribune on October 21, 1844, claimed that a female Millerite in Philadelphia had sold her house and a brickmaker had abandoned his prosperous business. By the 1850s the Millerites were considered an unusual fad which had come and gone.

Why The Crucible Remains Important Today Essay - 976 Words

Why ‘The Crucible’ Remains Important Today For a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. Years after being written, Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, still successfully speaks to numerous generations of people, that although live in different countries, under different governments and belong to different peer groups, experience the same issues that the characters of ‘The Crucible’ experienced as well as the same issues that were experienced by†¦show more content†¦Their only other option is to follow their beliefs and morals by refusing to lie which quite possibly could result in death by hanging. This kind of pressure has plagued cultures everywhere for almost all of time and it begs the que stion: ‘Is a person bad if they do not live by the rules of the Church, their government or their social group and if so should they be prosecuted for their own interpretations of these rules’? People under-stand now more than ever, that if they decide to deviate from what is considered to be socially normal, they will be labeled and in many cases cast out or excommunicated from the society from which they originate. ‘The Crucible’ not only addresses the issue of conformity, it attacks the poor balance of power that surrounds us everyday. Miller demonstrates how much power a sole in-dividual can have when the decisions made by that person effect a whole community. During the Witchcraft Trials in Salem, religion was, much more than now the answer to the unknown and the unexplained. As a result, the Church and the people in its service were people of prominence and power. They were the only people who could successfully interpret the Church’s doctrine, often to their own benefit, without being accused of a wrong doing and what could be more powerful than this in a theocratic society like Salem? This corrupt hierarchy meant that nobody could question a priest or minister because doing so would beShow MoreRelatedEssay about Why the Crucible Remains Important Today1015 Words   |  5 PagesWhy ‘The Crucible Remains Important Today For a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. 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Bluetooth Simulation Free Essays

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FINAL YEAR [2004-2005] A REPORT ON BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY PREPARED BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Bluetooth Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK 8. BLUETOOTH SECURITY 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth was originally conceived to replace the rat’s nest of cables typical in any PC setup today and this remains a compelling home application. However, as the Bluetooth evolved it became clear that it would also enable a totally new networking paradigm, Personal Area Networks (PANs)! With PAN technology a user will be able to organize a collection of personal electronic products (their PDA, cell phone, laptop, desktop, MP3 player, etc. ) to automatically work together. For instance the contact manager and calendar in the PDA, laptop, and desktop could all automatically synchronize whenever they are within range of each other). Over time PANs will revolutionize the user experience of consumer electronics. Finally, Bluetooth’s dynamic nature will also revolutionize connectivity to the rest of the world. Bluetooth will automatically discover devices and services nearby so available servers, internet access, printers etc. will automatically become visible to a Bluetooth device wherever it is. HISTORY: Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all over the world. By enabling standardized wireless communication between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of a personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. In 1994 the initial study for development of this technology started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to expand the concept and develop a standard under IEEE 802. 15 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network ). In 1999, the first specification was released and accepted as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN standard for 1Mbps networks. The Bluetooth SIG considers three basic scenarios: †¢ The first basic scenario is the Cable Replacement ie. the wire replacement to connect a PC or laptop to its keyboard, mouse, microphone, and notepad. It avoids the multiple short range wiring surroundings of today’s personal computing devices. †¢ The second scenario is ad hoc networking of several different users at very short range in an area such as a conference room. The third scenario is to use Bluetooth as an AP to the wide area voice and data services provided by the cellular networks, wired connections or satellite links. Why the name Bluetooth? The story of origin of name Bluetooth is interesting. †Bnluetooth† was the nickname of Harald Blaatand, 10th century Viking who united Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth specification was introduced to public, a stone carving, erected from Har ald Blaatand’s capital city Jelling was also presented. This strange carving was interpreted as Bluetooth connecting a cellular phone and a wireless notepad in his hands. The picture was used to symbolize the vision in using Bluetooth to connect personal computing and communication devices. What is BLUETOOTH? [pic] Figure1: Bluetooth system blocks The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management and host terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides the means for a host device to access Bluetooth hardware capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the host device and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth device. All commands from the host to the Bluetooth module and events from the module to the host go through the HCI interface. The protocol stack is above the radio and baseband hardware, partly residing in the Bluetooth unit and partly in the host device. A Bluetooth solution can also be implemented as a one-processor architecture (embedded solution) where the application resides together with the Bluetooth protocols in the same hardware. In that case, the HCI is not needed. This is a feasible implementation for simple devices such as accessories or micro servers. Requirements of Bluetooth technology: †¢ If Bluetooth technology is to replace cables, it can not be much more expensive than a cable or nobody will buy it. †¢ Because Bluetooth technology is designed for mobile devices it must be able to run on batteries. So it must be very low power and should run on low voltages. †¢ It must also be lightweight and small enough not to intrude on the design of compact mobile devices such as cellular phones, handsets etc. †¢ It must be as reliable as the cable it replaces and also it must be resilient. †¢ Bluetooth devices operate at 2. GHz in globally available, license free ISM band, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. THUS Bluetooth has to be very robust, as there are many existing users and polluters of this shared spectrum. Thus Bluetooth aims to be widely available, inexpensive, convenient, easy to use, reliable, small and low power. Specifications related with Bluetoot h: |PARAMETER |VALUES | |Frequency Range |2. – 2. 4835 GHz | |Bandwidth of each channel |1MHz | |Data rate |1 Mbps | |Frequency hopping rate |1600 hops per seconds | |Range of operation |10-100 meters | Bluetooth system operates in 2. GHz Industrial Scientific Medicine (ISM) band. The operating band is divided into 1MHz spaced channels each signaling data at 1 Mbps so as to obtain maximum available channel bandwidth with chosen modulation scheme of GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying). Using GFSK, a binary 1 give rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency while binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. After each packet both devices retune their radio to a different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel from radio channel. In this way Bluetooth devices use the whole of available ISM band and if transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different channel. Each Bluetooth time slot lasts 625 microseconds giving rise to frequency hopping rate of 1600 hops per seconds. Generally devices hop once per packet. .For long data transmission, particular users may occupy multiple time slots using the same transmission frequency thus slowing instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/ sec. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS: PICCONETS AND SCATTERNET: The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. In the simplest case it means that two devices are connected (see Figure 2a). The device that initiates the connection is called a master and the other devices are called slaves. The majority of Bluetooth applications will be point-to-point applications. Bluetooth connections are typically ad hoc connections, which means that the network will be established just for the current task and then dismantled after the data transfer has been completed. A master can have simultaneous connections (point-to-multipoint) to up to seven slaves (see Figure2b). Then, however, the data rate is limited. One device can also be connected in two or more piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see Figure 2c). A device can, however, only be a master to one piconet at a time. Support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed for a device to be part of the scatternet. In these modes a device does not actively participate in a piconet, leaving time for other activities such as participating in another piconet, for example. The master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can also be changed during the connection if, for example, the master does not have enough esources to manage the piconet. Master/slave switch is also needed in the scatternet. Master/slave switch support is not mandatory. Most of current Bluetooth implementations support piconets only. Point-to-multipoint support depends on the implementation Figure 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios: a) Point-to-point connection between two devices b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three slaves c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation: In connection state, the Bluetooth unit can be in several modes of operation. Sniff, hold, and park modes are used to save power or to free the capacity of a piconet: Active mode: In the active mode, the Bluetooth unit actively participates on the channel. Sniff mode: In the sniff mode, the duty cycle of the slave’s listen activity can be reduced. This means that the master can only start transmission in specified time slots. Hold mode: While in connection state, the ACL link to a slave can be put in a hold (possible SCO links are still supported). In hold mode, the slave can do other things, such as scanning, paging, inquiring, or attending another piconet. Park mode: If a slave does not need to participate in the piconet but still wants to remain synchronized to the channel (to participate in the piconet again later), it can enter the park mode. It gives up its active member address. Park mode is useful if there are more than seven devices that occasionally need to participate in the same piconet. The parked slave wakes up regularly to listen to the channel in order to re-synchronize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the master.. FREQUENCY HOPPING : Bluetooth technology uses a frequency hopping technique, which means that every packet is transmitted on a different frequency. In most countries, 79 channels can be used. With a fast hop rate (1600 hops per second), good interference protection is achieved. Another benefit is a short packet length. If some other device is jamming the transmission of a packet, the packet is resent in another frequency determined by the frequency scheme of the master. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3 where packets of device 1 (colored packets) and device 2 (banded packets) are trying to use the same frequency. Note that this case only refers to situations where there are two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth device using the same frequency in range. The error correction algorithms are used to correct the fault caused by jammed transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and five-slot long packets reduce overhead compared to one-slot packets. 220  µs switching time after the packet is needed for changing the frequency. Subsequent time slots are used for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended to cover three or five slots, as depicted in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency remains the same until the entire packet is sent. When using a multi-slot packet, the data rate is higher because the header and a 220 (s long switching time after the packet are needed only once in each packet. On the other hand, the robustness is reduced: in a crowded environment the long packets will more probably be lost HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth devices have 4 basic States. They can be a Master (in control of a Piconet — represented by a large blue circle above), an Active Slave (connected and actively monitoring/participating on a Piconet — medium orange circles), a Passive Slave (still logically part of a Piconet but in a low power, occasionally monitoring but still synchronized, inactive, state — medium gray circles), and Standby (not connected to a Piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices — small white circles). IN IDEAL STATE Bluetooth devices initially know only about themselves and in this state they will be in Standby mode. Standby is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis performing what are called Inquiry and/or Page Scans for 10 milliseconds out of every 1. 28 seconds to see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is inherent to half of Bluetooth’s states and is a key mechanism to achieving very low power. In Standby mode the Bluetooth device’s occasional attention reduces power consumption by over 98%. While all of the Bluetooth devices in the same mode it is important to note that they are NOT synchronized or coordinated in any way. Thus they are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. [pic] Enquiry and page procedures lead to connections ENQUIRY: Inquiry is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its range. In the illustration above Node A executes a Page Function on the BT Inquiry ID and receives replies from other devices. Through these replies device A learns the explicit identity of these other devices (i. e. their unique Bluetooth device ID). During the Inquiry process device A continuously broadcasts the Page command using the reserved Inquiry ID which identifies it as as a Page Inquiry. These broadcasts are spread across a standard pattern of 32 Standby radio frequencies which all devices in Standby mode monitor on an occasional basis. Over a duration of some seconds it is certain that every Standby device within range will have received the Inquiry Page even though they are not synchronized in any way. By convention these nodes will respond with a standard FHS packet that provides their unique BT ID and their clock offset. With these parameters the Inquiring node can effect low latency synchronized connections. Node H (the dotted circle above) illustrates how a Bluetooth device can be programmed to remain anonymous (Undiscoverable in BT jargon). This is a user controlled feature that suspends Inquiry Scanning, and thus device A’s Inquiry Procedure cannot discover Device B It is important to note that device H will continue to support Page Scanning however, and thus a user’s other personal devices (i. e. PAN) can penetrate this barrier by Paging directly to its unique Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices can be configured to know and remember thus enabling private collaboration even when devices are undiscoverable. PAGING: In its general form the Page command establishes a formal device to device link between a Master (the originator) and a Slave. Master/Slave connections in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To create the piconet device A broadcasts the Page command with the explicit device ID of the target Slave (B in the illustration above) which was learned earlier through an Inquiry Procedure. Further, this connection can be very low latency if the Inquiry data is recent (and thus synchronization can be accurate), but the process will simply take longer if this is not the case. All Bluetooth devices except B will ignore this command as it is not addressed to them. When the device B replies, device A will send it an FHS packet back and assign it an Active Member Address in the Piconet. As an Active Slave device B will begin continuously monitoring for further commands from device A in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern and clock offset. Further, standard Piconet activity continuously updates the clock offset data keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Thus the Master and Slave states are not low power but exhibit very low transaction latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET: Through successive Page commands a Bluetooth Master can attach up to 7 Active Slaves. 7 is a hard limit as only 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Active Member Address (AMA) with 000 reserved for the Master and the remaining addresses allocated to Slaves. Practically, 7 is more than sufficient given Bluetooth’s modest performance and dynamic configurability. Again, all Active Slaves to A continuously monitor for further commands addressed to them in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern. PARKING: Parking is a mechanism that allows a Bluetooth Master to connect to an additional 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Parked Member Address (PMA). To Park a device the Bluetooth Master issues a Park command to an Active Slave and assigns it a PMA. This Slave then enters the Parked mode and surrenders its AMA. As a Parked Slave the device will revert to a passive mode and only monitor for commands on an occasional basis. The difference between Standby and Parked however is that the Slave will remain synchronized to the Master’s hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device can be reconnected at any time with a minimum latency. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS: Protocols are needed to implement different profiles and usage models. Every profile uses at least part of the protocol stack. In order to achieve interoperability between two Bluetooth devices, they both must have the same vertical profile of the protocol stack. Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband and Link Control together enable a physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is responsible for synchronizing the transmission-hopping frequency and clocks ofdifferent Bluetooth devices [Whitepaper1, p. ]. Audio is routed directly to and from Baseband. Any two Bluetooth devices supporting audio can send and receive audio data between each other just by opening an audio link . Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is responsible for link set-up (authentication and encryption, control, and negotiation of baseband packets) between Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) takes care of multiplexing, reassembly, and segmentation of packets. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is needed when requesting device information, services, and the characteristics of other devices. Devices have to support the same service in order to establish a connection with each other. Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be used in applications that were formerly implemented with a serial cable (e. g. , a connection between a laptop computer and a mobile phone). Telephony Protocol Binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data call between Bluetooth devices. AT commands provide means for controlling a mobile phone or a modem. Adopted Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is adopted from IrDA. It is a session protocol that provides means for simple and spontaneous object and data transfer. It is independent of the transport mechanism and transport Application Programming Interface (API). TCP/UDP/IP is defined to operate in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate with other units connected, for instance, to the Internet. The TCP/IP/PPP protocol configuration is used for all Internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in future versions. The UDP/IP/PPP configuration is available as transport for WAP. PPP in the Bluetooth technology is designed to run over RFCOMM to accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is a packet-oriented protocol and must therefore use its serial mechanisms to convert the packet data stream into a serial data stream. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack can reside on top of RFCOMM (based on LAN Access Profile) or on top of L2CAP (based on PAN Profile). The latter reduces overhead and is likely to become the preferred solution for WAP over Bluetooth. Wireless Application Environment (WAE) hosts the WAP browser environment. Dial up networking (DUN) profile protocol stack: DUN profile is inside the Serial Port Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the Serial Port Profile. For the DUN Profile, there are two device configurations (roles): †¢ Gateway (GW) is the device that provides access to the public network (typically mobile phones and modems) †¢ Data terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up services of the gateway (typically PCs) The DUN Profile needs a two-piece protocol stack and an SDP branch. PPP over RFCOMM is needed for transferring payload data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile phone). The application on top of the stack is either a driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem emulation on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth security: secret key All Bluetooth devices (master and slave) share a secret key in a particular system. This key is used during the authentication and encryption process. This key is not transmitted over the channel but is rather in-built by the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATION Authentication ensures the identity of Bluetooth devices. Authorization is a process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a specific service. User interaction may be required unless the remote device has been marked as â€Å"trusted. † Usually the user an set authorization on/off to every remote device separately. Authorization always requires authentication. Authentication in Bluetooth is performed by an encryption engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the following: †¢ Number to be encrypted or decrypted †¢ master address †¢ Master clock secret key shared by master and slave. A random number is generated by the encryption engine using various keys. This random number is encrypted by the master using the secret key. This number is also sent to the slave. The encrypted reply of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a match then the slave is authentic. BONDING AND PAIRING Pairing is a procedure that au thenticates two devices based on a common passkey, thereby creating a trusted relationship between those devices. An arbitrary but identical passkey must be entered on both devices. As long as both devices are paired, the pairing procedure is not required when connecting those devices again (the existing link key is used for authentication). Devices without any input method, like headsets, have fixed passkeys. When two devices are linked with a common link the connection is called as bonding. There are two types of bonding: †¢ Dedicated bonding: Used to create and exchange a link key between two devices. †¢ General bonding: Data over the link is available for higher layers. ENCRYPTION Encryption protects communication against eavesdropping. For example, it ensures that nobody can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. Encryption demands the following: †¢ Negotiating encryption mode †¢ Negotiating key sizes-The key size could vary from 8 to 128 bits †¢ Starting encryption †¢ Stopping encryption SECURITY LEVELS A trusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, and the device is marked as â€Å"trusted† in the security database of a device. The device can access Bluetooth services without user acceptance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as â€Å"trusted. Access to services requires acceptance of the user. An unknown device means that there is no security information on this device. This is also an untrusted device. Security Level of Services Authorization required: Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices after an authorization procedure (‘Do you acce pt connection from remote device? ’). Authentication is always required. Authentication required: The remote device must be authenticated before connecting to the application. Encryption required: The link must be changed to encrypted before accessing the service. It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) might have its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS: 1. Bluetooth in the home will ultimately eliminate most every cable related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer will simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 player will no longer need a docking station to transfer files or get the latest tunes (the exception will be to recharge, that power thing again). And, your home stereo and other equipment will join the party too. On the telephone front your cell phone will synchronize its address book with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering incoming calls to your home number and calling out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still pretty fine for broadband internet access since DSL and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth access points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. Even when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your pocket they will be able to collaborate to access e-mail. And, next generation cell phones featuring Bluetooth and General Packet Radio (GPR) technology will function as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such performance it is likely web based e-business will flourish and these de vices will become the most prevalent Bluetooth access points. This may well be the Killer App that ensures Bluetooth’s widespread adoption and success. When you are literally on the road your car will join your PAN too. Here your cell phone may operate in a hands free mode using the car audio system and an in-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you may use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 player will likely play music in 8 speaker surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires!!! Fixed land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a pay phone in the airport terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadband access in these strategic locations. Also look for the pay phone to evolve to compete for your cell phone calls too with its low cost land lines. In the world of deregulation and open competition future smart phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the traffic over the carrier offering the lowest cost! 3. Telephone applications †¢ Hands free use †¢ File synchronization †¢ Calendars †¢ Contact management Land line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications †¢ File transfer †¢ MP3 †¢ Digital pictures †¢ Peripheral connectivity †¢ Keyboard/mouse/remote †¢ Printer ADVANTAGES: 1. Point to point and point to multiple links 2. Voice and data links 3. Compact form factor 4. Low power 5. Low cost 6. Robust frequency hopping and error correction 7. Profil es ensure application level 8. High level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentication 9. Non directional 10. Unlicensed ISM band LIMITATIONS: 1. 8 Devices per piconet with limited extension via scatternet 2. Short range 3. No handover facility 4. Maximum data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the crowded ISM band 6. Slow connection setup References: †¢ Bluetooth 1. 1 —Jenifer Bray †¢ Wireless Communication -Krishnamurthy †¢ Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http://www. bluetooth. com †¢ Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, August 1999 http://www. bluetooth. org/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Bluetooth Security Architecture, Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http://www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Comprehensive Description of the Bluetooth System v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, May 1998 http://info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf †¢ Bluetooth Technology Overview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http://forum. nokia. com ———————– [pi c] Digital Camera Computer Scanner Home Audio System MP3 Player PDA Cell Phone Operational States Master Active Slave Parked Slave* Standby* ON THE ROAD Laptop PDA Cell Phone MP3 Player Headset Hotel Phone Access Point How to cite Bluetooth Simulation, Papers

Reflective Leadership Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the case study Reflective Leadership for Business Environment. Answer: Introduction Business environment has become more complex in the age of globalization and advancement of technology. Businesses are trying to expand their reach beyond their home countries so that they can tap into new potential markets. This is the only way to increase profitability for them as well as increase market share. But in order to achieve that there has to be an experienced pool of talent in the organization who has good leadership skills. Leadership from the top management is something which drives the growth of any organization towards achievement of its vision and mission. This work is an effort towards understanding my leadership traits while working in the hospitality industry. I am in the hospitality industry where people grow through creating relationships and I have been no exception. I have certain qualities which have helped me grow in my organization and this article gives an account of such attributes with special reference to the various theoretical frameworks. The different elements of my leadership traits have been elaborated in the ensuing discussion (Sterling, 2003). Overview of Leadership Quality and Challenges I work in the hospitality industry where one has to have a caring and understanding nature to service their customers. I am presently working as the supervisor in a restaurant wherein I am entrusted to manage all restaurant staff and schedule their activities, assist all guests and provide requirements for all meals. My role involves engaging with the customers and try to pursue a long-term relationship with them in order to drive repeat sales. I also supervise the concierge service for the restaurant and other marketing aspects of the growing brand. My first priority is that they can have a satisfying experience while dining out with friends and family. It is a challenging task since people from different walks of life visit restaurants and they have different tastes as well. For example, once a guest asked that they didnt like the soup that had been served. I talked to him and asked what kind of taste he wishes to have. I assured him that he will get that and went inside and explai ned the chef. In the end, I was able to give the customer what he wanted. I understand that people from different cultures have different tastes for the same thing. I have also had to deal with staff problems. Sometimes the customers dont like the behaviour of the staff, if there is such an issue I apologize to the customer myself and afterwards I counsel the required person. I make him understand that different people have different ethical standards. Some might consider your behaviour nice some might say you were rude, so we have to mould ourselves according to that. My job role demands that all compliance standards are maintained at the restaurant, I also need to supervise the kitchen and ensure optimal quality of all the products. The role also demands that I collaborate with the management to review all employee performance, monitor all guest requests efficiently to achieve all customer objectives and also monitor inventory levels of different items. Overall I have been success ful in satisfying my customers with the help of my knowledge and they generally provide a positive feedback about their experience with me (Bono and Judge, 2004). Although it has been a challenging role for me but I have handled it well through distribution of tasks within my colleagues and giving the jobs to persons who are good at it. I have developed this skill of identifying people with particular capability and assign them task accordingly. I believe in my colleagues and support them in every aspect so that they can perform up to the mark. These skills have helped me in achieving success in the job that I do. In this business one needs to keep the staff motivated, you cant give them big bonuses and keep them happy. I try to follow a hands-on approach. As I am the supervisor, I encourage everyone that we should celebrate staff birthdays, encourage camaraderie and social events, welcome feedback and allowing mistakes to happen because only through them the staff can learn. I always request the top management to conduct training programs for the employees. Supervising a restaurant is not only about looking that the dishes are properly made and the customer is satisfied. The management depends on me for key insights. I keep track which items in my menu are going into red, i.e. not contributing too much of sales, monitor food wastage. I also try and identify regular customers as ensuring them a good experience would give the restaurant a good word of mouth publicity. Additionally, regular customers tend to spend 67% more than normal customers. (Dehn, n.d.) Key Aspects of Leadership I have mastered the art of absorbing criticism and going back to rectify the problems as per customer needs. This increased level of customization has helped me in retaining customers for the restaurant and also led to increased profitability through repeat customers. My leadership attitude can be considered to be a mix of transactional and transformational one wherein I have grown in my profession through creating meaningful relationship with my customer and colleagues. They in turn have helped me in overcoming any adverse situation during tumultuous times and emerge as the leader that I am today. These reasons lead me to believe that the transformational and transactional leadership is most appropriate to describe my leadership traits since the interaction with other stakeholders of the restaurant have been a win-win deal for them and me too. I wish to build on these capabilities and grow in this industry so that I gain further knowledge and become self-sufficient to start my own b usiness. The self-introspection that has been conducted in this article has gone a long way in understanding the way I work and improve on different aspects of my work. This is a brief note about the reflection I have on my leadership capabilities with respect to the theoretical frameworks already existing in the literature (Neck and Houghton, 2006). Stakeholder Review I work in hospitality industry as a supervisor in a restaurant and deal with lots of customer everyday with whom I have been able to forge a healthy relationship. I attribute this success to my leadership qualities which enabled me to achieve such great success in such a short period of time. The various stakeholders with whom I have worked have all given positive feedback and praised the way I try to solve individual issues with care and customize everyones needs. These I believe to be certain qualities which resonate with the transactional leadership wherein ones capabilities or efficacy increase as and when the counterparty feedback is taken and acted accordingly. Partners have always given a good feedback about my work. There has been a bone of contention about my rapid rise in the organisation. My partners feel that the work allocation that I had started doing should be done by my manager. According to them, the Manager should allot work to the supervisors. I concur with them bu t I have also told my manager that the supervisors should have freedom to take up each others task if anyone of them is overladen i.e. there shouldnt be strict boundaries between supervisors as it would decrease efficiency of the restaurant and bring an atmosphere of non-cooperation. Overall, I have deliberated upon the feedbacks given by my partners to my manager about me distributing work to other supervisors. My partners have given me a good appraisal which is a testimonial to the empathy shown to them by me. I have decided to work on this aspect of my personality. To be true leader, I need to walk with everyone and inspire them not make them insecure due to my skills. I have decided to mellow down my personality and be approachable by all and stop dividing the work by myself and ask my manager to do so. (Drue et al. 2011). Justification of Leadership Theories There has been an earnest effort put in by various researchers throughout the world to analyse the attributes and characteristics of great leaders. These analyses have shaped the way we look at leadership and particularly in this work where I have tried to map those theoretical models into my work practice (Danny, 2005.). Few of the relevant concepts in the existing literature are listed below: Contingency Theories The concept is primarily an elaboration of the Trait theory and emphasizes on the point that a single concept is not enough to interpret the attributes and thoughts of an inspirer. Quality traits are developed as and when they face challenging situations and its needs to change as per the demand of the situation. So this theoretical model is more concerned with the environment in which a leader operates and also the kind of people with which he interacts. A common notion in this theory is that the leaders are successful when their subordinates or other stakeholders react to the actions initiated by them or people around them respond promptly to their call for certain actions or activities (Bass and Bass, 2008). Transactional Leadership Theory This concept tries to establish the fact that perception and attributes of an inspirer is moulded by the interaction that is established among the person and his disciples. It represents a meaningful interaction among the two and elaborates about a mutually advantageous relationship. Rationality is a concept which is derived from economics and stress on the fact that one should undertake activities that increase ones usefulness and lower the wasteful actions. This theory is particularly relevant with my job description and the way I go about it in my daily tasks. The type of work that I do is concerned with interacting with a lot of people as well as managing a lot of workers wherein I transact with them in a meaningful way. As I have established good relations with them and also help them in their difficult times, they also reciprocate when I need their help or loyalty (Cooper, Scandura and Schriesheim, 2005). Transformational Leadership Theory This is a theory whose bedrock is established on the fact that a good leader has to forge a beneficial relationship with his subordinates and other stakeholders which is the case in my leadership attributes. Understanding others emotions and trying to bring out the best out of them have been the major touchpoints for me as a successful leader and a dedicated teamworker. The helpful nature has helped me to forge good and meaningful relationships with both internal and external customers in my organization who eventually enable me in fulfilling the concerned task by overcoming all the hindrances involved in that operation (Abraham, 2002). Conclusion The discussion in this work is concerned with my leadership attributes and therefore can be thought of a reflective essay. In this essay I have successfully enumerated my capabilities which are reflective of my leadership initiatives and the growth I have achieved in my work through my personal traits. The essay critically analyses every aspect of my leadership ability particularly through the lens of numerous theoretical framework. At last it is justified to mention that the work has tried to develop a theoretical framework wherein the leadership capability has been mapped which can also be utilised in similar other exercises related to other academic researches. References Bernard M. Bass, Ruth Bass. 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