History of the Millerites, a Religious Sect

The Millerites were members of a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹religious sect  who became famous in 19th century America for fervently believing the world was about to end. The name came from William Miller, an Adventist preacher from New York State who gained an enormous following for asserting, in fiery sermons, that Christ’s return was imminent. At hundreds of tent meetings around America throughout the summers of the early 1840s, Miller and others convinced as many as one million Americans that Christ would be resurrected between the spring of 1843 and the spring of 1844. People came up with precise dates and prepared to meet their end. As the various dates passed and the end of the world did not occur, the movement began to be ridiculed in the press. In fact, the name Millerite was originally bestowed upon the sect by detractors before coming into common usage in newspaper reports. The date of October 22, 1844, was eventually chosen as the day when Christ would return and the faithful would ascend to heaven. There were reports of Millerites selling or giving away their worldly possessions, and even donning white robes to ascend to heaven. The world did not end, of course. And while some followers of Miller gave up on him, he went on to play a role in the founding of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Life of William Miller William Miller was born February 15, 1782, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He grew up in New York State and received a spotty education, which would have been typical for the time. However, he read books from a local library and essentially educated himself. He married in 1803 and became a farmer. He served in the War of 1812, rising to the rank of captain. Following the war, he returned to farming and became intensely interested in religion. Over a period of 15 years, he studied scripture and became obsessed with the idea of prophecies. About 1831 he began to preach the idea that the world would end with the return of Christ close to the year 1843. He had calculated the date by studying Biblical passages and assembling clues which led him to create a complicated calendar. Over the next decade, he developed into a forceful public speaker, and his preaching became extraordinarily popular. A publisher of religious works, Joshua Vaughan Himes, became involved with Miller in 1839. He encouraged Miller’s work and used a considerable organizational ability to spread Miller’s prophecies. Himes arranged to have an enormous tent made, and organized a tour so Miller could preach to hundreds of people at a time. Himes also arranged for Miller’s works to be published, in the form of books, handbills, and newsletters. As Miller’s fame spread, many Americans came to take his prophecies seriously. And even after the world did not end in October 1844, some disciples still clung to their beliefs. A common explanation was that Biblical chronology was inaccurate, therefore Miller’s calculations produced an unreliable result. After he was essentially proven wrong, Miller lived for another five years, dying at his home in Hampton, New York, on December 20, 1849. His most devoted followers branched off and founded other denominations, including the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The Fame of the Millerites As Miller and some of his followers preached at hundreds of meetings in the early 1840s, newspapers naturally covered the popularity of the movement. And converts to Miller’s thinking began to attract attention by preparing themselves, in public ways, for the world to end and for the faithful to enter heaven. The newspaper coverage tended to be dismissive if not blatantly hostile. And when the various dates proposed for the end of the world came and went, the stories about the sect often portrayed followers as delusional or insane. Typical stories would detail eccentricities of sect members, which often included tales of them giving away possessions which they would no longer need when they ascended to heaven. For instance, a story in the New York Tribune on October 21, 1844, claimed that a female Millerite in Philadelphia had sold her house and a brickmaker had abandoned his prosperous business. By the 1850s the Millerites were considered an unusual fad which had come and gone.

Why The Crucible Remains Important Today Essay - 976 Words

Why ‘The Crucible’ Remains Important Today For a story of any kind to have any relevance or meaning some 50 years after being written and indeed almost 400 years after it was set, it needs to contain themes and ideas that have been uniformly felt and experienced by people from all walks of life as well as continuing to speak to and have meaning to new and changed generations of people. Years after being written, Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’, still successfully speaks to numerous generations of people, that although live in different countries, under different governments and belong to different peer groups, experience the same issues that the characters of ‘The Crucible’ experienced as well as the same issues that were experienced by†¦show more content†¦Their only other option is to follow their beliefs and morals by refusing to lie which quite possibly could result in death by hanging. This kind of pressure has plagued cultures everywhere for almost all of time and it begs the que stion: ‘Is a person bad if they do not live by the rules of the Church, their government or their social group and if so should they be prosecuted for their own interpretations of these rules’? People under-stand now more than ever, that if they decide to deviate from what is considered to be socially normal, they will be labeled and in many cases cast out or excommunicated from the society from which they originate. ‘The Crucible’ not only addresses the issue of conformity, it attacks the poor balance of power that surrounds us everyday. Miller demonstrates how much power a sole in-dividual can have when the decisions made by that person effect a whole community. During the Witchcraft Trials in Salem, religion was, much more than now the answer to the unknown and the unexplained. As a result, the Church and the people in its service were people of prominence and power. 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Bluetooth Simulation Free Essays

VIDYAVARDHINI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FINAL YEAR [2004-2005] A REPORT ON BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY PREPARED BY JANHAVI KHANOLKAR NAVEEN BITRA YASHESH MANKAD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Bluetooth Simulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now WHAT IS BLUETOOTH? 4. BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATIONS 5. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS 6. HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORK? 7. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK 8. BLUETOOTH SECURITY 9. APPLICATIONS 10. MERITS AND DEMERITS INTRODUCTION: Bluetooth was originally conceived to replace the rat’s nest of cables typical in any PC setup today and this remains a compelling home application. However, as the Bluetooth evolved it became clear that it would also enable a totally new networking paradigm, Personal Area Networks (PANs)! With PAN technology a user will be able to organize a collection of personal electronic products (their PDA, cell phone, laptop, desktop, MP3 player, etc. ) to automatically work together. For instance the contact manager and calendar in the PDA, laptop, and desktop could all automatically synchronize whenever they are within range of each other). Over time PANs will revolutionize the user experience of consumer electronics. Finally, Bluetooth’s dynamic nature will also revolutionize connectivity to the rest of the world. Bluetooth will automatically discover devices and services nearby so available servers, internet access, printers etc. will automatically become visible to a Bluetooth device wherever it is. HISTORY: Bluetooth is an open specification for short range wireless voice and data communications that was originally developed for cable replacement in personal area networking to operate all over the world. By enabling standardized wireless communication between any electrical devices, Bluetooth has created the notion of a personal Area Network (PAN), a kind of close range wireless network that looks set to revolutionize the way people interact with the information technology landscape around them. In 1994 the initial study for development of this technology started at Ericsson, Sweden. In 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG) to expand the concept and develop a standard under IEEE 802. 15 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network ). In 1999, the first specification was released and accepted as the IEEE 802. 15 WPAN standard for 1Mbps networks. The Bluetooth SIG considers three basic scenarios: †¢ The first basic scenario is the Cable Replacement ie. the wire replacement to connect a PC or laptop to its keyboard, mouse, microphone, and notepad. It avoids the multiple short range wiring surroundings of today’s personal computing devices. †¢ The second scenario is ad hoc networking of several different users at very short range in an area such as a conference room. The third scenario is to use Bluetooth as an AP to the wide area voice and data services provided by the cellular networks, wired connections or satellite links. Why the name Bluetooth? The story of origin of name Bluetooth is interesting. †Bnluetooth† was the nickname of Harald Blaatand, 10th century Viking who united Denmark and Norway. When Bluetooth specification was introduced to public, a stone carving, erected from Har ald Blaatand’s capital city Jelling was also presented. This strange carving was interpreted as Bluetooth connecting a cellular phone and a wireless notepad in his hands. The picture was used to symbolize the vision in using Bluetooth to connect personal computing and communication devices. What is BLUETOOTH? [pic] Figure1: Bluetooth system blocks The Bluetooth system consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit for link management and host terminal interface functions (see Figure 1). The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides the means for a host device to access Bluetooth hardware capabilities. For example, a laptop computer could be the host device and a PC card inserted in the PC is the Bluetooth device. All commands from the host to the Bluetooth module and events from the module to the host go through the HCI interface. The protocol stack is above the radio and baseband hardware, partly residing in the Bluetooth unit and partly in the host device. A Bluetooth solution can also be implemented as a one-processor architecture (embedded solution) where the application resides together with the Bluetooth protocols in the same hardware. In that case, the HCI is not needed. This is a feasible implementation for simple devices such as accessories or micro servers. Requirements of Bluetooth technology: †¢ If Bluetooth technology is to replace cables, it can not be much more expensive than a cable or nobody will buy it. †¢ Because Bluetooth technology is designed for mobile devices it must be able to run on batteries. So it must be very low power and should run on low voltages. †¢ It must also be lightweight and small enough not to intrude on the design of compact mobile devices such as cellular phones, handsets etc. †¢ It must be as reliable as the cable it replaces and also it must be resilient. †¢ Bluetooth devices operate at 2. GHz in globally available, license free ISM band, which obey a basic set of power and spectral emission and interference specifications. THUS Bluetooth has to be very robust, as there are many existing users and polluters of this shared spectrum. Thus Bluetooth aims to be widely available, inexpensive, convenient, easy to use, reliable, small and low power. Specifications related with Bluetoot h: |PARAMETER |VALUES | |Frequency Range |2. – 2. 4835 GHz | |Bandwidth of each channel |1MHz | |Data rate |1 Mbps | |Frequency hopping rate |1600 hops per seconds | |Range of operation |10-100 meters | Bluetooth system operates in 2. GHz Industrial Scientific Medicine (ISM) band. The operating band is divided into 1MHz spaced channels each signaling data at 1 Mbps so as to obtain maximum available channel bandwidth with chosen modulation scheme of GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying). Using GFSK, a binary 1 give rise to a positive frequency deviation from the nominal carrier frequency while binary 0 gives rise to a negative frequency deviation. After each packet both devices retune their radio to a different frequency, effectively hopping from radio channel from radio channel. In this way Bluetooth devices use the whole of available ISM band and if transmission is compromised by interference on one channel, the retransmission will always be on a different channel. Each Bluetooth time slot lasts 625 microseconds giving rise to frequency hopping rate of 1600 hops per seconds. Generally devices hop once per packet. .For long data transmission, particular users may occupy multiple time slots using the same transmission frequency thus slowing instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/ sec. BLUETOOTH NETWORKS: PICCONETS AND SCATTERNET: The Bluetooth network is called a piconet. In the simplest case it means that two devices are connected (see Figure 2a). The device that initiates the connection is called a master and the other devices are called slaves. The majority of Bluetooth applications will be point-to-point applications. Bluetooth connections are typically ad hoc connections, which means that the network will be established just for the current task and then dismantled after the data transfer has been completed. A master can have simultaneous connections (point-to-multipoint) to up to seven slaves (see Figure2b). Then, however, the data rate is limited. One device can also be connected in two or more piconets. The set-up is called scatternet (see Figure 2c). A device can, however, only be a master to one piconet at a time. Support for hold, park, or sniff mode is needed for a device to be part of the scatternet. In these modes a device does not actively participate in a piconet, leaving time for other activities such as participating in another piconet, for example. The master/slave roles are not necessarily fixed and can also be changed during the connection if, for example, the master does not have enough esources to manage the piconet. Master/slave switch is also needed in the scatternet. Master/slave switch support is not mandatory. Most of current Bluetooth implementations support piconets only. Point-to-multipoint support depends on the implementation Figure 2. Bluetooth piconet and scatternet scenarios: a) Point-to-point connection between two devices b) Point-to-multipoint connection between a master and three slaves c) Scatternet that consists of three piconets Modes of operation: In connection state, the Bluetooth unit can be in several modes of operation. Sniff, hold, and park modes are used to save power or to free the capacity of a piconet: Active mode: In the active mode, the Bluetooth unit actively participates on the channel. Sniff mode: In the sniff mode, the duty cycle of the slave’s listen activity can be reduced. This means that the master can only start transmission in specified time slots. Hold mode: While in connection state, the ACL link to a slave can be put in a hold (possible SCO links are still supported). In hold mode, the slave can do other things, such as scanning, paging, inquiring, or attending another piconet. Park mode: If a slave does not need to participate in the piconet but still wants to remain synchronized to the channel (to participate in the piconet again later), it can enter the park mode. It gives up its active member address. Park mode is useful if there are more than seven devices that occasionally need to participate in the same piconet. The parked slave wakes up regularly to listen to the channel in order to re-synchronize and to check for broadcast messages sent by the master.. FREQUENCY HOPPING : Bluetooth technology uses a frequency hopping technique, which means that every packet is transmitted on a different frequency. In most countries, 79 channels can be used. With a fast hop rate (1600 hops per second), good interference protection is achieved. Another benefit is a short packet length. If some other device is jamming the transmission of a packet, the packet is resent in another frequency determined by the frequency scheme of the master. This scenario is depicted in Figure 3 where packets of device 1 (colored packets) and device 2 (banded packets) are trying to use the same frequency. Note that this case only refers to situations where there are two or more simultaneous active piconets or a non-Bluetooth device using the same frequency in range. The error correction algorithms are used to correct the fault caused by jammed transmissions Figure 4. Three-slot and five-slot long packets reduce overhead compared to one-slot packets. 220  µs switching time after the packet is needed for changing the frequency. Subsequent time slots are used for transmitting and receiving. The nominal slot length is 625 (s. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended to cover three or five slots, as depicted in Figure 4. In multi-slot packets the frequency remains the same until the entire packet is sent. When using a multi-slot packet, the data rate is higher because the header and a 220 (s long switching time after the packet are needed only once in each packet. On the other hand, the robustness is reduced: in a crowded environment the long packets will more probably be lost HOW DOES BLUETOOTH WORKS? Bluetooth devices have 4 basic States. They can be a Master (in control of a Piconet — represented by a large blue circle above), an Active Slave (connected and actively monitoring/participating on a Piconet — medium orange circles), a Passive Slave (still logically part of a Piconet but in a low power, occasionally monitoring but still synchronized, inactive, state — medium gray circles), and Standby (not connected to a Piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices — small white circles). IN IDEAL STATE Bluetooth devices initially know only about themselves and in this state they will be in Standby mode. Standby is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis performing what are called Inquiry and/or Page Scans for 10 milliseconds out of every 1. 28 seconds to see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is inherent to half of Bluetooth’s states and is a key mechanism to achieving very low power. In Standby mode the Bluetooth device’s occasional attention reduces power consumption by over 98%. While all of the Bluetooth devices in the same mode it is important to note that they are NOT synchronized or coordinated in any way. Thus they are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. [pic] Enquiry and page procedures lead to connections ENQUIRY: Inquiry is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its range. In the illustration above Node A executes a Page Function on the BT Inquiry ID and receives replies from other devices. Through these replies device A learns the explicit identity of these other devices (i. e. their unique Bluetooth device ID). During the Inquiry process device A continuously broadcasts the Page command using the reserved Inquiry ID which identifies it as as a Page Inquiry. These broadcasts are spread across a standard pattern of 32 Standby radio frequencies which all devices in Standby mode monitor on an occasional basis. Over a duration of some seconds it is certain that every Standby device within range will have received the Inquiry Page even though they are not synchronized in any way. By convention these nodes will respond with a standard FHS packet that provides their unique BT ID and their clock offset. With these parameters the Inquiring node can effect low latency synchronized connections. Node H (the dotted circle above) illustrates how a Bluetooth device can be programmed to remain anonymous (Undiscoverable in BT jargon). This is a user controlled feature that suspends Inquiry Scanning, and thus device A’s Inquiry Procedure cannot discover Device B It is important to note that device H will continue to support Page Scanning however, and thus a user’s other personal devices (i. e. PAN) can penetrate this barrier by Paging directly to its unique Bluetooth ID. This is information that PAN devices can be configured to know and remember thus enabling private collaboration even when devices are undiscoverable. PAGING: In its general form the Page command establishes a formal device to device link between a Master (the originator) and a Slave. Master/Slave connections in Bluetooth are referred to as a Piconet. To create the piconet device A broadcasts the Page command with the explicit device ID of the target Slave (B in the illustration above) which was learned earlier through an Inquiry Procedure. Further, this connection can be very low latency if the Inquiry data is recent (and thus synchronization can be accurate), but the process will simply take longer if this is not the case. All Bluetooth devices except B will ignore this command as it is not addressed to them. When the device B replies, device A will send it an FHS packet back and assign it an Active Member Address in the Piconet. As an Active Slave device B will begin continuously monitoring for further commands from device A in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern and clock offset. Further, standard Piconet activity continuously updates the clock offset data keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Thus the Master and Slave states are not low power but exhibit very low transaction latencies. EXPANDING A PICCONET: Through successive Page commands a Bluetooth Master can attach up to 7 Active Slaves. 7 is a hard limit as only 3 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Active Member Address (AMA) with 000 reserved for the Master and the remaining addresses allocated to Slaves. Practically, 7 is more than sufficient given Bluetooth’s modest performance and dynamic configurability. Again, all Active Slaves to A continuously monitor for further commands addressed to them in synchronization with device A’s hopping pattern. PARKING: Parking is a mechanism that allows a Bluetooth Master to connect to an additional 256 devices. 56 is a hard limit as 8 bits are allocated in Bluetooth for the Parked Member Address (PMA). To Park a device the Bluetooth Master issues a Park command to an Active Slave and assigns it a PMA. This Slave then enters the Parked mode and surrenders its AMA. As a Parked Slave the device will revert to a passive mode and only monitor for commands on an occasional basis. The difference between Standby and Parked however is that the Slave will remain synchronized to the Master’s hopping pattern and regularly update its clock offset. Thus this device can be reconnected at any time with a minimum latency. BLUETOOTH PROTOCOLS: Protocols are needed to implement different profiles and usage models. Every profile uses at least part of the protocol stack. In order to achieve interoperability between two Bluetooth devices, they both must have the same vertical profile of the protocol stack. Bluetooth Core Protocols Baseband and Link Control together enable a physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a piconet. This layer is responsible for synchronizing the transmission-hopping frequency and clocks ofdifferent Bluetooth devices [Whitepaper1, p. ]. Audio is routed directly to and from Baseband. Any two Bluetooth devices supporting audio can send and receive audio data between each other just by opening an audio link . Link Manager Protocol (LMP) is responsible for link set-up (authentication and encryption, control, and negotiation of baseband packets) between Bluetooth devices and for power modes and connection states of a Bluetooth unit. Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) takes care of multiplexing, reassembly, and segmentation of packets. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is needed when requesting device information, services, and the characteristics of other devices. Devices have to support the same service in order to establish a connection with each other. Cable Replacement Protocol RFCOMM emulates RS-232 signals and can thus be used in applications that were formerly implemented with a serial cable (e. g. , a connection between a laptop computer and a mobile phone). Telephony Protocol Binary (TCS-BIN) defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data call between Bluetooth devices. AT commands provide means for controlling a mobile phone or a modem. Adopted Protocols OBEX (Object Exchange) is adopted from IrDA. It is a session protocol that provides means for simple and spontaneous object and data transfer. It is independent of the transport mechanism and transport Application Programming Interface (API). TCP/UDP/IP is defined to operate in Bluetooth units allowing them to communicate with other units connected, for instance, to the Internet. The TCP/IP/PPP protocol configuration is used for all Internet Bridge usage scenarios in Bluetooth 1. and for OBEX in future versions. The UDP/IP/PPP configuration is available as transport for WAP. PPP in the Bluetooth technology is designed to run over RFCOMM to accomplish point-to-point connections. PPP is a packet-oriented protocol and must therefore use its serial mechanisms to convert the packet data stream into a serial data stream. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) stack can reside on top of RFCOMM (based on LAN Access Profile) or on top of L2CAP (based on PAN Profile). The latter reduces overhead and is likely to become the preferred solution for WAP over Bluetooth. Wireless Application Environment (WAE) hosts the WAP browser environment. Dial up networking (DUN) profile protocol stack: DUN profile is inside the Serial Port Profile and therefore partly reuses the capabilities of the Serial Port Profile. For the DUN Profile, there are two device configurations (roles): †¢ Gateway (GW) is the device that provides access to the public network (typically mobile phones and modems) †¢ Data terminal (DT) is the device that uses the dial-up services of the gateway (typically PCs) The DUN Profile needs a two-piece protocol stack and an SDP branch. PPP over RFCOMM is needed for transferring payload data. AT commands are delivered over RFCOMM to control the modem (mobile phone). The application on top of the stack is either a driver application on a PC (data terminal) or the modem emulation on a phone (gateway). Bluetooth security: secret key All Bluetooth devices (master and slave) share a secret key in a particular system. This key is used during the authentication and encryption process. This key is not transmitted over the channel but is rather in-built by the manufacturer. AUTHENTICATION Authentication ensures the identity of Bluetooth devices. Authorization is a process of deciding if a device is allowed to have access to a specific service. User interaction may be required unless the remote device has been marked as â€Å"trusted. † Usually the user an set authorization on/off to every remote device separately. Authorization always requires authentication. Authentication in Bluetooth is performed by an encryption engine which uses the SAFER+ algo. This algorithm requires the following: †¢ Number to be encrypted or decrypted †¢ master address †¢ Master clock secret key shared by master and slave. A random number is generated by the encryption engine using various keys. This random number is encrypted by the master using the secret key. This number is also sent to the slave. The encrypted reply of the slave is compared with the master encrypted data. If it is a match then the slave is authentic. BONDING AND PAIRING Pairing is a procedure that au thenticates two devices based on a common passkey, thereby creating a trusted relationship between those devices. An arbitrary but identical passkey must be entered on both devices. As long as both devices are paired, the pairing procedure is not required when connecting those devices again (the existing link key is used for authentication). Devices without any input method, like headsets, have fixed passkeys. When two devices are linked with a common link the connection is called as bonding. There are two types of bonding: †¢ Dedicated bonding: Used to create and exchange a link key between two devices. †¢ General bonding: Data over the link is available for higher layers. ENCRYPTION Encryption protects communication against eavesdropping. For example, it ensures that nobody can listen to what a laptop transmits to a phone. Encryption demands the following: †¢ Negotiating encryption mode †¢ Negotiating key sizes-The key size could vary from 8 to 128 bits †¢ Starting encryption †¢ Stopping encryption SECURITY LEVELS A trusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, and the device is marked as â€Å"trusted† in the security database of a device. The device can access Bluetooth services without user acceptance. An untrusted device has been previously authenticated, a link key is stored, but the device is not marked as â€Å"trusted. Access to services requires acceptance of the user. An unknown device means that there is no security information on this device. This is also an untrusted device. Security Level of Services Authorization required: Access is only granted automatically to trusted devices or untrusted devices after an authorization procedure (‘Do you acce pt connection from remote device? ’). Authentication is always required. Authentication required: The remote device must be authenticated before connecting to the application. Encryption required: The link must be changed to encrypted before accessing the service. It is also possible that a service does not require any of these mechanisms. On the other hand, the application (service) might have its own user authentication mechanisms (a PIN code, for example). APPLICATIONS: 1. Bluetooth in the home will ultimately eliminate most every cable related to consumer electronics (except power). Your PC, scanner, and printer will simply need to be within 10 meters of each other in order to work. Your PDA, digital camera, and MP3 player will no longer need a docking station to transfer files or get the latest tunes (the exception will be to recharge, that power thing again). And, your home stereo and other equipment will join the party too. On the telephone front your cell phone will synchronize its address book with your PC and function as a handset to your cordless phone in the house (answering incoming calls to your home number and calling out on the cheaper land line too). Finally, even though its only 720Kbps, Bluetooth is still pretty fine for broadband internet access since DSL and cable modems are typically throttled to about 384K anyway. Bluetooth access points could well be as ubiquitous as 56K modems in 2 or 3 years. . On the road much of your Bluetooth PAN goes with you. Even when your laptop is in your briefcase and your cell phone is in your pocket they will be able to collaborate to access e-mail. And, next generation cell phones featuring Bluetooth and General Packet Radio (GPR) technology will function as a wireless modems with internet access at 100Kbps+. With such performance it is likely web based e-business will flourish and these de vices will become the most prevalent Bluetooth access points. This may well be the Killer App that ensures Bluetooth’s widespread adoption and success. When you are literally on the road your car will join your PAN too. Here your cell phone may operate in a hands free mode using the car audio system and an in-dash microphone even while comfortably in your pocket. Or you may use a wireless Bluetooth headset instead. And, your MP3 player will likely play music in 8 speaker surround sound, rip music right off of an FM broadcast, or record your phone calls for later review. And all without wires!!! Fixed land line access points (supporting up to 720Kbps) such as a pay phone in the airport terminal or lounge, or the desk phone in your hotel, will provide true broadband access in these strategic locations. Also look for the pay phone to evolve to compete for your cell phone calls too with its low cost land lines. In the world of deregulation and open competition future smart phones may even put your calls out for bid and channel the traffic over the carrier offering the lowest cost! 3. Telephone applications †¢ Hands free use †¢ File synchronization †¢ Calendars †¢ Contact management Land line I/F for voice and data 4. Consumer applications †¢ File transfer †¢ MP3 †¢ Digital pictures †¢ Peripheral connectivity †¢ Keyboard/mouse/remote †¢ Printer ADVANTAGES: 1. Point to point and point to multiple links 2. Voice and data links 3. Compact form factor 4. Low power 5. Low cost 6. Robust frequency hopping and error correction 7. Profil es ensure application level 8. High level of security through frequency hopping, encryption and authentication 9. Non directional 10. Unlicensed ISM band LIMITATIONS: 1. 8 Devices per piconet with limited extension via scatternet 2. Short range 3. No handover facility 4. Maximum data rate of 723. 2 Kb/s 5. occupies the crowded ISM band 6. Slow connection setup References: †¢ Bluetooth 1. 1 —Jenifer Bray †¢ Wireless Communication -Krishnamurthy †¢ Bluetooth Specifications, Bluetooth SIG at http://www. bluetooth. com †¢ Bluetooth Protocol Architecture v1. 0, Riku Mettala, Bluetooth SIG, August 1999 http://www. bluetooth. org/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Bluetooth Security Architecture, Thomas Muller, Bluetooth SIG, July 1999 http://www. bluetooth. rg/foundry/sitecontent/document/whitepapers_presentations †¢ Comprehensive Description of the Bluetooth System v0. 9p, Dan Sonnerstam, Bluetooth SIG, May 1998 http://info. nsu. ac. kr/cwb-data/data/ycra2/comprehensive_description_of_the_BT_system. pdf †¢ Bluetooth Technology Overview, version 1. 0, April 2003 http://forum. nokia. com ———————– [pi c] Digital Camera Computer Scanner Home Audio System MP3 Player PDA Cell Phone Operational States Master Active Slave Parked Slave* Standby* ON THE ROAD Laptop PDA Cell Phone MP3 Player Headset Hotel Phone Access Point How to cite Bluetooth Simulation, Papers

Reflective Leadership Business Environment

Question: Discuss about the case study Reflective Leadership for Business Environment. Answer: Introduction Business environment has become more complex in the age of globalization and advancement of technology. Businesses are trying to expand their reach beyond their home countries so that they can tap into new potential markets. This is the only way to increase profitability for them as well as increase market share. But in order to achieve that there has to be an experienced pool of talent in the organization who has good leadership skills. Leadership from the top management is something which drives the growth of any organization towards achievement of its vision and mission. This work is an effort towards understanding my leadership traits while working in the hospitality industry. I am in the hospitality industry where people grow through creating relationships and I have been no exception. I have certain qualities which have helped me grow in my organization and this article gives an account of such attributes with special reference to the various theoretical frameworks. The different elements of my leadership traits have been elaborated in the ensuing discussion (Sterling, 2003). Overview of Leadership Quality and Challenges I work in the hospitality industry where one has to have a caring and understanding nature to service their customers. I am presently working as the supervisor in a restaurant wherein I am entrusted to manage all restaurant staff and schedule their activities, assist all guests and provide requirements for all meals. My role involves engaging with the customers and try to pursue a long-term relationship with them in order to drive repeat sales. I also supervise the concierge service for the restaurant and other marketing aspects of the growing brand. My first priority is that they can have a satisfying experience while dining out with friends and family. It is a challenging task since people from different walks of life visit restaurants and they have different tastes as well. For example, once a guest asked that they didnt like the soup that had been served. I talked to him and asked what kind of taste he wishes to have. I assured him that he will get that and went inside and explai ned the chef. In the end, I was able to give the customer what he wanted. I understand that people from different cultures have different tastes for the same thing. I have also had to deal with staff problems. Sometimes the customers dont like the behaviour of the staff, if there is such an issue I apologize to the customer myself and afterwards I counsel the required person. I make him understand that different people have different ethical standards. Some might consider your behaviour nice some might say you were rude, so we have to mould ourselves according to that. My job role demands that all compliance standards are maintained at the restaurant, I also need to supervise the kitchen and ensure optimal quality of all the products. The role also demands that I collaborate with the management to review all employee performance, monitor all guest requests efficiently to achieve all customer objectives and also monitor inventory levels of different items. Overall I have been success ful in satisfying my customers with the help of my knowledge and they generally provide a positive feedback about their experience with me (Bono and Judge, 2004). Although it has been a challenging role for me but I have handled it well through distribution of tasks within my colleagues and giving the jobs to persons who are good at it. I have developed this skill of identifying people with particular capability and assign them task accordingly. I believe in my colleagues and support them in every aspect so that they can perform up to the mark. These skills have helped me in achieving success in the job that I do. In this business one needs to keep the staff motivated, you cant give them big bonuses and keep them happy. I try to follow a hands-on approach. As I am the supervisor, I encourage everyone that we should celebrate staff birthdays, encourage camaraderie and social events, welcome feedback and allowing mistakes to happen because only through them the staff can learn. I always request the top management to conduct training programs for the employees. Supervising a restaurant is not only about looking that the dishes are properly made and the customer is satisfied. The management depends on me for key insights. I keep track which items in my menu are going into red, i.e. not contributing too much of sales, monitor food wastage. I also try and identify regular customers as ensuring them a good experience would give the restaurant a good word of mouth publicity. Additionally, regular customers tend to spend 67% more than normal customers. (Dehn, n.d.) Key Aspects of Leadership I have mastered the art of absorbing criticism and going back to rectify the problems as per customer needs. This increased level of customization has helped me in retaining customers for the restaurant and also led to increased profitability through repeat customers. My leadership attitude can be considered to be a mix of transactional and transformational one wherein I have grown in my profession through creating meaningful relationship with my customer and colleagues. They in turn have helped me in overcoming any adverse situation during tumultuous times and emerge as the leader that I am today. These reasons lead me to believe that the transformational and transactional leadership is most appropriate to describe my leadership traits since the interaction with other stakeholders of the restaurant have been a win-win deal for them and me too. I wish to build on these capabilities and grow in this industry so that I gain further knowledge and become self-sufficient to start my own b usiness. The self-introspection that has been conducted in this article has gone a long way in understanding the way I work and improve on different aspects of my work. This is a brief note about the reflection I have on my leadership capabilities with respect to the theoretical frameworks already existing in the literature (Neck and Houghton, 2006). Stakeholder Review I work in hospitality industry as a supervisor in a restaurant and deal with lots of customer everyday with whom I have been able to forge a healthy relationship. I attribute this success to my leadership qualities which enabled me to achieve such great success in such a short period of time. The various stakeholders with whom I have worked have all given positive feedback and praised the way I try to solve individual issues with care and customize everyones needs. These I believe to be certain qualities which resonate with the transactional leadership wherein ones capabilities or efficacy increase as and when the counterparty feedback is taken and acted accordingly. Partners have always given a good feedback about my work. There has been a bone of contention about my rapid rise in the organisation. My partners feel that the work allocation that I had started doing should be done by my manager. According to them, the Manager should allot work to the supervisors. I concur with them bu t I have also told my manager that the supervisors should have freedom to take up each others task if anyone of them is overladen i.e. there shouldnt be strict boundaries between supervisors as it would decrease efficiency of the restaurant and bring an atmosphere of non-cooperation. Overall, I have deliberated upon the feedbacks given by my partners to my manager about me distributing work to other supervisors. My partners have given me a good appraisal which is a testimonial to the empathy shown to them by me. I have decided to work on this aspect of my personality. To be true leader, I need to walk with everyone and inspire them not make them insecure due to my skills. I have decided to mellow down my personality and be approachable by all and stop dividing the work by myself and ask my manager to do so. (Drue et al. 2011). Justification of Leadership Theories There has been an earnest effort put in by various researchers throughout the world to analyse the attributes and characteristics of great leaders. These analyses have shaped the way we look at leadership and particularly in this work where I have tried to map those theoretical models into my work practice (Danny, 2005.). Few of the relevant concepts in the existing literature are listed below: Contingency Theories The concept is primarily an elaboration of the Trait theory and emphasizes on the point that a single concept is not enough to interpret the attributes and thoughts of an inspirer. Quality traits are developed as and when they face challenging situations and its needs to change as per the demand of the situation. So this theoretical model is more concerned with the environment in which a leader operates and also the kind of people with which he interacts. A common notion in this theory is that the leaders are successful when their subordinates or other stakeholders react to the actions initiated by them or people around them respond promptly to their call for certain actions or activities (Bass and Bass, 2008). Transactional Leadership Theory This concept tries to establish the fact that perception and attributes of an inspirer is moulded by the interaction that is established among the person and his disciples. It represents a meaningful interaction among the two and elaborates about a mutually advantageous relationship. Rationality is a concept which is derived from economics and stress on the fact that one should undertake activities that increase ones usefulness and lower the wasteful actions. This theory is particularly relevant with my job description and the way I go about it in my daily tasks. The type of work that I do is concerned with interacting with a lot of people as well as managing a lot of workers wherein I transact with them in a meaningful way. As I have established good relations with them and also help them in their difficult times, they also reciprocate when I need their help or loyalty (Cooper, Scandura and Schriesheim, 2005). Transformational Leadership Theory This is a theory whose bedrock is established on the fact that a good leader has to forge a beneficial relationship with his subordinates and other stakeholders which is the case in my leadership attributes. Understanding others emotions and trying to bring out the best out of them have been the major touchpoints for me as a successful leader and a dedicated teamworker. The helpful nature has helped me to forge good and meaningful relationships with both internal and external customers in my organization who eventually enable me in fulfilling the concerned task by overcoming all the hindrances involved in that operation (Abraham, 2002). Conclusion The discussion in this work is concerned with my leadership attributes and therefore can be thought of a reflective essay. In this essay I have successfully enumerated my capabilities which are reflective of my leadership initiatives and the growth I have achieved in my work through my personal traits. The essay critically analyses every aspect of my leadership ability particularly through the lens of numerous theoretical framework. At last it is justified to mention that the work has tried to develop a theoretical framework wherein the leadership capability has been mapped which can also be utilised in similar other exercises related to other academic researches. References Bernard M. Bass, Ruth Bass. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (4th ed.). New York: Free Press. Bono, Joyce E.; Judge, Timothy A. (2004). Personality and Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 901-910. Cecily D. Cooper, Chester A. Schriesheim and Terri A. Scandura . (2005). Looking forward but learning from our past: Potential challenges to developing authentic leadership theory and authentic leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 475-493. Cecily D. Cooper, Terri A. Scandura and Chester A. Schriesheim. (2005). Looking forward but learning from our past: Potential challenges to developing authentic leadership theory and authentic leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 475-493. Christopher P. Neck, Jeffery D. Houghton . (2006). Two decades of selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ leadership theory and research: Past developments, present trends, and future possibilities. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 270-295. Scott Drue, Jennifer D. Nahrgang, Ned Wellman and Stephen E. Humphrey. (2011). Trait And Behavioral Theories Of Leadership: An Integration And Meta-Analytic Test Of Their Relative Validity. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 7-52. Dehn, K. (n.d.). 6 Leadership Skills Every Restaurant Manager Must Have. Retrieved from Planday: https://blog.planday.com/6-leadership-skills-every-restaurant-manager-must-have Hayes, D. (2005). Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens: A Theory of Trait Ownership. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 908-923. Livingstone, J. S. (2003). Pygmalion in Management. Harvard Business Review. Ruth Bass, Bernard M. Bass . (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (4th ed.). New York: Free Press. Zaleznik, A. (2002). Managers and Leaders: Are they different? Harvard Business Review.

There Will Come Soft Rains Essay Example

There Will Come Soft Rains Essay Analyse how a character is developed for a particular purpose in a written text you have studied. ‘There Will Come Soft Rains’ is a dystopian science fiction short story written by Ray Bradbury. The story is about a house in the future that is left standing after a nuclear bomb. The house continues with its normal routine even in the absence of humans. In the short story a character that is developed for a particular purpose is the house.The houses’ particular purpose is to show a symbol of modern technology and the potential limitations of new technologies. The techniques used to develop the house for a particular purpose is: personification and actions. The first technique used to develop the house is for a particular purpose is personification. Bradbury uses personification throughout the story, which helps readers gain an insight on the houses personality. An example of this personification in the story is when the house â€Å"quivered at each sound†.Th is leads the reader to believe that the house is alive. This gives the house a defensive personality as it â€Å"quivered at each sound†. Another example of personification in the story is when house sings â€Å"tick-tock, seven o’clock † This example of personification is used to show us another personality that the house has, this is its organized personality. We see that the house is organized a lot throughout the story because its times are programmed reminders of what needs to be done at that certain time.These techniques are used to develop the house is for a particular purpose, which is to symbolise modern technology. It symbolises this through its features such as: being able to talk, knowing what to do at what time, being able to prepare a full meal and cleaning it up, cleaning the house and even playing poems. This shows the readers how modern the technology used in the house is. The second technique, used to develop the house for a particular purpose, is actions.Bradbury uses actions throughout the story to show the reader what the house is doing, which gives the reader a better understanding of the houses’ personality. The house does actions in numerous parts of the story, in one part of the story the house inquires â€Å"who goes there † it gets no answer from anything or anyone, it then shut its windows and drew its shades in â€Å"an old-maidenly preoccupation with self-protection.. † The reader perceives the houses’ personality to be protective also, however this shows us another purpose of the house which is ts limitations of new technology, although the house is protective it does not have the human ability to think and adapt to different situations. But not only is the house protective, despite the house having some of the best technology, such as cooking for you, making your bath, cleaning for you etc. The house still does not have the human ability to think and adapt to situations. An exampl e of this is when the house sings â€Å"two o’clock† after the dog dies the dog is decaying as the mice drop the dog into the incinerator.This shows the readers that house has no human emotion or the ability to adapt and think for itself and shows us that another personality the house has is being oblivious to most things such as death. These techniques are used to develop the house for a particular purpose in the story of showing the potential limitations of new technology. In conclusion, Ray Bradbury shows in this short story why he is such a skilled writer. Bradbury can effectively develop a character for a particular purpose in a clear way so that he readers can easily tell what it is about, just as he did in ‘There Will Come Soft Rains’.

My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essays

My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essays My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essay My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essay My most memorable dining experience surprisingly happened on a regular Wednesday eventide. I was packed and ready for my month trip. my flight was scheduled early in the forenoon and I knew I had some clip on my custodies. I wanted to pass it with my best friend before I left. and with that great thought in head I headed to her topographic point of work. Emeril’s Restaurant. I had neer dined there before due to the pricy ticket that every mulct dining eating house carries. but that twenty-four hours I decided to get down my holiday early and fling myself. I’m truly glad I did! Everyone should see a all right dining atmosphere at least one time in their life-time because those exceeding memories are invaluable. As I arrived. a mark with â€Å"complementary gentleman parking† on it already set the tone for a pleasant surprise. I made my manner to the chief entryway basking a light zephyr that brought a sweet flowered odor. Immediately a friendly hostess approached me inquiring if I had a reserve tonight. I let her cognize I was here to see one of the employees. my best friend Julia. While she was naming for her. I couldn’t aid but stare at the luxury atmosphere of that topographic point. I felt like I walked into a castle. Highly high ceilings decorated with bright colour pendants contributed good to alone natural visible radiation coming through mosaic colour glass windows making a beautiful atmosphere and first feeling. Walking through the dinning room with my friend. I saw looming shelves at the saloon filled with sole vinos and liquors. while across from it featured calm lily pool that runs in a centre of the eating house. Wet walls of that pool create mini waterfalls for a romantic scenery at the booths right next to it. After all this I decided to research another pearl of this eating house. the Chef’s nutrient saloon! Located right in forepart of the kitchen. where all the action takes topographic point it couldn’t be a better pick for me. Sing that astonishing South Pacific atmosphere with modern-day design had me more than excited to seek their nutrient creative activities. Right off I receive a complementary appetiser from the Chef for being a first clip invitee and it gave me clip to look over a bill of fare. With my spicy tuna axial rotation I receive a interest martini good paired by Julia for that Asiatic extract. It softened the spicy bite of axial rotation and accented fresh chip veggies and tempura crust in my oral cavity. a great start. I chose to go on with seafood throughout the classs. as the lone petition I asked Julia for while she’s doing a determinations for me. The following dish was an obvious pick as she knows how much I love crab bars. and now I get to seek Chef Emerile’s Polynesian take on it. It arrived on a large blue home base that contrasted bright xanthous mango-habanero butter sauce and included a fantastic caramelized Ananas comosuss on top of elephantine aureate crusted bar. Presentation was completed by long cut cives. coriander foliage. and black benne seeds. The first bite is runing in my oral cavity while I’m savoring the strong spirit of the snow bluish crab. and so the sauce comes in drama conveying sugariness of Mangifera indica and little boot of habanero. Thingss I thought could neer be on the same home base. every bit good as soft texture of crab on the interior and panko crisped outside and another bed of soft caramelized Ananas comosus are so good blended. With all the odors and steams of good crafted nutrient coming my manner. I know I’m ready for the chief class! My dining set up gets changed once more. and I’m excited to see chop sticks. that means I’m acquiring something from a splash Fry pan. My exhilaration and expectancy grows bigger when the barman. Tony. personally brings his creative activity – a tropical spritzer made of fresh juice. white vino. sparkling H2O. and garnished with existent bright pink flower. yet another image worthy presentation. Shortly after. mouthwatering pan seared crenations over rice noodles have arrived and I can see hot steam lifting from my home base conveying an inviting aroma of soy sauce and mushrooms. Soft. spicy noodles present a strong boot. but certain adequate my reviewing spritzer off sets the powerful gustatory sensation and cleanse the palette for the crenation. That fantastic repast transported me to the peaceable resort on the Pacific Islands for few hours. and in my head I wasn’t in Orlando at all. I was on holiday already. Everything from the arresting infinite. good executed dishes. to the keen service created warm memories for me to take on a long trip. I think everyone should handle themselves to ticket dining experience at least one time for a life clip memories. and I assure you. Emeril’s merely the topographic point for it!

Essay about readings Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About readings - Essay Example I always use to use my beloved site for at least 2 to 3 hours a day that comprises various activities of my interest. The most amazing thing about Facebook is that I am getting tremendous knowledge about the events going on around me as current affairs. I am not a big fan of politics. However, when I see funny side of politics shared by my friends, I start taking interest in politics naturally. I visit the posts of my friends to get some information about the general events or other technological advances. It has helped me a great deal in enhancing my knowledge and horizon. My association with Facebook was very similar to the attachment of (Gathman) with cell phones. His emotions were totally integrated with his phone that he loved so much. He discovered all the aspects of the phone to find out its versatility. He explained his association with the mobile in terms of calls, texts and other purposes. Same is the case with me and Facebook. I want to explore every bit of it. I keep searching for various entertainment, informative, and technological set ups on this social media. Facebook has some kind of psychological connection with me. Whenever, I get five minutes free from my classes, I use to open my beloved site from my mobile. I am very thankful to the university to provide the Wi-Fi internet service throughout the college that allows me to use the social media wherever I go in the campus. It is very easy to open the ‘Home’ page and start navigating from top to bottom. It’s a great feeling whenever the theme of Facebook appears in front of my eyes. It gives me feelings of satisfaction and removes my boredom. Visiting Facebook regularly has become the part and parcel of my daily activities. It feels like something is missing when I don’t visit my social media for some hours. Some kind of chasm starts appearing in the mind as I get far from my mobile phone for some

Redbull case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Redbull case study - Essay Example Red Bull overall marketing strategy is a combination of both global and local strategies. Red Bull has devised a unique, innovative, viral marketing strategy which mainly targets consumers in need of energy boost, especially young adults, club-goers, college and university students and young urban professionals (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). This local strategy has seen growth of sales locally in countries where it operates. On the other hand, the company has expanded its distribution channels in various countries all over the globe using a strategy that is in no way related to traditional marketing strategies. In the process of international market selection, demographic segmentation criteria would be most relevant segmentation criteria. Having devised this approach in its market orientation, where its target group was those consumers who are in need of energy boost, especially the young people, this would also work in the process of international market selection. Putting into consideration demographic characteristics such as age, lifestyle, income, occupation, sex, education and nationality would help Red Bull select the best international target markets segments whose buying behavior are known. This criterion is most relevant to have Red Bull enjoyed in the right context- where there is need for energy boost rather than just selling a beverage (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). The launch of Red Bull Cola and Red Bull Shots was a wise idea by the company. Red Bull had specialized in only one brand, which was energy drinks and was available in two flavor varieties. This move was a major brand extension aimed at tapping new markets that were untapped. This move would see expansion of its operations and revenues. The launch of the new brand the Red Bull Cola and Red Bull shots in many markets at the same time saw Red Bull survive stiff completion on some markets like North America (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). Target of one segment of the market would risk eviction by other

Assessment of National Express Group Operations, Macroeconomic Essay

Assessment of National Express Group Operations, Macroeconomic Environment and Challenges - Essay Example This essay presents an informative analysis of the National Express Group company economic position. The company was founded in 1972 by the state owned National Bus Company. The company has grown tremendously since its privatization in 1988 from a small transport service provider to a multinational firm. It currently has its operations in UK, Canada, Morocco, Spain, US and Portugal. The company has recently expanded its business in other parts of Europe also. The company currently runs more than 1600 busses across UK and is a leader in urban bus service provider. It also provides bus service in North America in which daily 1 million students go to school. National Express Group is focused in achieving excellence in their existing markets and to explore new market opportunities to drive their company to the utmost peak. Its main objective is the growth of its business through customer satisfaction Macroeconomic environment consists of those variables upon which the company has no control. Companies cannot control the macroeconomic factors but can minimize its impact by taking strategic decisions accordingly. These factors exist outside a company and usually have a great affect on the functioning of the company. In UK, the market conditions were challenging but still due to strong market hold and flexible coach supply model, the company delivered high profit for the business. As of National Express bus service in UK, there was a rise in cost for the company during the year 2009 due to the increase in the cost of fuel.

Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay

Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay The doorway to the nowadays wireless communication systems was opened by Guglielmo Marconi when he transmitted the three-dot Morse code for alphabet S by the use of electromagnetic waves over a 3-KM link in 1895. This laid the foundation of modern communication systems ranging from broadcasting, satellite transmission and radio eventually progressing to nowadays cell phones. It wouldnt be wrong to say that wireless communication has indeed revolutionized our present society A sudden increase has been observed in the expansion of radio systems during the last two decades. We have seen great evolution in Wireless communication systems from 1G narrowband analog systems in the 1980s to the 2G narrowband digital systems in the 1990s. Now the existing 3G wideband multimedia systems are being deployed. In the meantime, research and progress in the future-generation wideband multimedia radio systems is vigorously being pursued worldwide. To connect mobile users to the public switched network the United States introduced first radiotelephone service by the end of the 1940s. Improved Mobile Telephone Service was launched by Bell Systems in 1960s due to which lots of improvements like direct dialing and increase in bandwidth took place. IMTS formed the bases of the first analog cellular systems. The term cellular was used due to the fact that coverage areas were split cells, they had a low power transmitter and receiver. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Figure 1. Block diagram of a general communication system. ANALOG vs. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Definition of Digital A method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 and 1. Advantages of Digital low-priced reliable Easy to manipulate Flexible Compatible with other digital systems The information in digital form can only be transmitted without any degradation through a noisy channel Incorporated networks Disadvantages of Digital Sampling Error As compared to analogue, larger bandwidth is required in digital communications for the transmission of the same information. Synchronization in the communications system is required to recognize the digital signals, but this is not the case with analogue systems. Definition of Analogue Analogue is a transmission standard that uses electrical impulses to emulate the audio waveform of sound. When you use a phone, the variations in your voice are transformed by a microphone into similar variations in an electrical signal and carried down the line to the exchange. Advantages of Analogue less bandwidth is required More Accurate Disadvantages of Analogue Signal loss and distortion can be seen due to the effects of random noise which is impossible to recover GENERATIONS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS The concept of cellular telephony was introduced in AMPS, short for Advanced Mobile Phone Systems. AMPS divided the total area into small regions called cells and this was from where the concept of cellular telephony started. Cellular Systems had many advantages such as they increased quality, capacity, reliability and availability of mobile telephone network. The generations of cellular systems are described below. FIRST GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS First generation cellular telephone systems were introduced in 1980s. They were based on Analog Frequency Modulation technique. Each channel was assigned a sole frequency. First generation cellular systems offered only wireless voice services based on analog technology. Digital signals were only used for control information such as dialing a number etc. These systems were no able to cope with the increasing demands of users also they had very less capacity and provided poor voice quality. Some first generations systems are Advanced Mobile Telephone System, AMPS NAMPS, AMPS Total Access Cellular System (TACS) Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT-900) SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Second Generation Cellular Systems provided larger capacity and provided much better services to users compared to first generation systems. They were based upon Digital Modulation technique which led to great enhancement in networks capacity. Second Generation Systems used multiple access techniques such as TDMA and FDMA. The biggest draw back of Second Generation Systems was that its different systems were not compatible with each other. Therefore roaming between different systems was not possible. Some of Second Generation Systems are North American Digital Cellular, NADC Global System for Mobile Communication, GSM Pacific Digital Cellular, PDC CDMAONE, IS-95 CDMA In order to overcome Second Generation compatibility problem with increased data rates of modern internet applications, 2.5 Generation standards were developed. The best thing about them was that they allowed already existing Second Generation systems to be upgraded so that they can be used for higher data rate transmission. 2.5 Generation brought a new revolution in cellular telephony by supporting services like high speed internet and location based mobile services. Some of 2.5 Generation Mobile Systems are General Packet Radio Service, GPRS Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution, EDGE THIRD GENERTAION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Designed to provide high quality and high capacity in data communication, Third Generation Systems require sophisticated spreading and modulation techniques. Third Generation Systems are aimed to provide voice quality comparable to land line telephony and also to support high data rate. These systems are compatible with circuit switched as well as packet switched data services. They are also compatible with the existing networks and use radio spectrum much more efficiently than before. Some Third Generation Systems are Wideband CDMA, WCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone System, UMTS CDMA 2000 BEYOND 3G The highly developed version of the 3G mobile communication are the 4G mobile communication services. It is estimated that 4G mobile communication services will give increase in capacity, data transmission with high speed, broadband, HQ color video images for users, graphic animation games in 3D, audio services in 5.1 channels. For the system and architecture of 4G mobile communication many researches are done. Developments are made in the terminal protocol technology for high speed packet services, larger capacity, enabling downloading application programs by public software platform technology, multimode radio access platform technology, and high quality media coding technology over mobile networks. Why 4G? Services like wireless internet and teleconferencing can be carried by 4G. Global mobility and service portability. Wider bandwidths. Increased bit rates. Less expensive. Mobile networks can easily be scaled. CHAPTER # 02 Multiplexing is a process in which a single carrier is used to transmit several different signals. These several signals are transmitted all together by combining them and forming one signal that will effectively move through the carrier bandwidth. When one transmission is done and the signal reaches the destination point, the integrated signal re-assembles into its actual form and is then received. Multiplexing is one of the most used techniques today in almost every communication system. Because of the technological advance multiplexing, we have seen major increase in efficiency of a wide range of telephony services and online applications. Multiplexing has become an effective technique that assists in everything from video conferences and web conferences up to bulk data transmissions and even making a simple Point-to-Point phone call. FDMA: FDMA is the most usual technique used for multiple accessing. FDMA stands for frequency division multiple access. It is clear from its name that in this technique the frequency is divided among the users as the available spectrum is shared among them in the frequency domain. The message signals are transmitted onto carriers for different users using particular RF frequencies. Within FDMA structural design the Single Channel Per Carrier (SPSC) is the simplest method where each channel is provided with a separate carrier. This scheme finds its essence in the fact that the channels are assigned on the basis of demand. Within a cell all the channels are available to all users all the time, and the channels are assigned as soons as a message signal is received or a request is made. Guard bands are used to reduce the chances of interference from adjacent channels. These guard bands are present between the bands allocated for various channels. In the implementation of the first analog cellular systems, FDMA is the multiplexing technique that was used. TDMA: Time division multiple access techniques allots different time intervals to different users for the transmission of signals and storage of the data is carried out in one frequency channel not like FDMA which uses one frequency per channel. Users are allowed to use the same frequency but the time slots are divided. In TDMA techniques the available spectrum is divided into small frequency bands as in FDMA, which are further sub-divided into various time slots. The user can access the frequency channel only for time slot allotted to him. User can use periodically the particular duration of time. In TDMA systems, guard bands are required between both frequency channels and time slots. SDMA: SDMA stands for Space-Division Multiple Access. It is a MIMO (Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output, a multiple antenna schematic architecture) based wireless communication network architecture. It enables access to a communication channel by the process of identifying the user location and establishing a one-on-one mapping between the network bandwidth allotment and the acknowledged spatial location that is why its mostly suitable for mobile ad-hoc networks. For majority of the well known mobile communication architectures such as CDMA, TDMA and FDMA, SDMA architecture can be configured and implemented CDMA: CDMA stands for Code division multiple access. CDMA systems are based on the spread spectrum technique. In which transmissions by all the users are carried out simultaneously while operating at the same frequency and using the entire spectrum bandwidth. For the identification and extraction of required transmission, each user is allotted with a unique code which cannot match with any other user. This issue of identification is due to the fact that all the users transmit simultaneously. To ensure this privacy, pseudo-random noise codes or PN codes are used. These codes are actually the orthogonal codes and its advantage is that it reduces the chances of cross correlation among themselves. By using this PN code assigned to the specific user, modulation of the message signal from an individual user is done. Then we have the CDMA frequency channel through which all the modulated signals from different users are transmitted. At the receivers end, the desired signal is then recovered by de-spreading the signal with a replica of the PN code for the specific user. The signals whose PN codes are not matched with the desired signal and are assigned to different users are not de-spread and as a result are regarded as noise by the receiver. CDMA differs from both TDMA and FDMA in a way that it allows users to transmit the signal at the same time and operate at the same nominal frequency so it requires less synchronization whereas in TDMA and FDMA frequency and time management is very critical so more dynamic synchronization is required. One more advantage of CDMA is that complete systems spectrum is used by signals and hence no guard bands are required to protect against adjacent channel interference. Intro to Spread Spectrum Communications Following are the major elements that can clearly describe the Spread Spectrum communications: By spread spectrum, bandwidth far in excess is available than that is necessary to send the information. Due to this characteristic the transmission can be protected against interference and jamming at the same time providing multiple access capability. An independent code known as the Pseudo random code is used for signal spreading across the bandwidth. The distinct nature of this code separates spread spectrum communications from typical modulation techniques in which modulation always spreads the spectrum somewhat. For the recovery of the original signal the receiver is synchronized to the deterministic pseudo random code. Users can transmit the signal at the same time and operate at the same nominal frequency by using independent code and synchronous reception. In order to protect the signal from interference a pseudo-random code is used. It appears to be random to anyone who does not have its pre-defined knowledge but in reality is deterministic, it is because of this fact that receiver is able to reconstruct the code needed for the recovery of the required data signal. This code used for synchronous detection is also called Pseudo noise sequence. Types of Spread Spectrum Communications Spreading of bandwidth of the signal can be achieved by three ways: Frequency hopping The signal is shuffled between different centre frequencies within the entire bandwidth available to the hopper pseudo-randomly, and the receiver used already knows where to look for the signal at a given time. Time hopping The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows when a burst is expected. Direct sequence Very high frequency is used to code the digital data. The code is pseudo-randomly generated. The same code is generated at the receiver end, and in order to extract the original data this code is multiplied to the received information stream. CHAPTER # 03 SOURCE CODING AND DIGITAL MODULATION 3.0 INTRODUCTION Digital Modulation is performed in order to represent digital data in a format that is compatible with our communication channel. Why Digital Modulation? Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of information than analog modulation schemes. 3.1 DIGITAL DATA, DIGIITAL SIGNAL Digital signal is binary data encoded into signal elements. Different encoding schemes for encoding digital data into digital signal are: 3.1.1 Non Return to Zero (NRZ) In NRZ there are two different voltage levels for 0 and 1. There is no transition in the middle of the bit. The absence of signal denotes 0 and a positive voltage level denotes 1. Figure 3.1, Non Return to Zero (NRZ) The major drawback of NRZ scheme is that it adds a dc component to the signal. 3.1.2 Multilevel Binary (AMI) In this encoding scheme there are more than two levels. No signal represents 0 and 1 is represented by some positive and negative voltage level. 1s pulses are opposite in polarity. Figure 3.2, Multilevel Binary (AMI) There is no dc component in this scheme and also there is no loss of synchronization for consecutive 1s. 3.1.3 Manchester Coding There is transition in middle of each bit, which acts as a clock as well as data. The low to high transition represents 1 and high to low represents 0. Figure 3.3, Manchester Coding 3.1.4 Differential Manchester In this scheme transition at the middle of the bit represents only clocking while transition at start represents 0 and no transition at start represents 1. Figure 3.4, Differential Manchester 3.2 ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNAL Analog data is first converted into digital data by using analog to digital converters. These converters use different techniques to complete their task, some of them are: 3.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a rate higher than twice the highest signal frequency, the samples contain all the information of the original signal. Each sample is assigned a digital value. Although its quality is comparable to that of analog transmission but still in this process some information is lost and the original signal can never be recovered. Figure 3.5, Pulse Code Modulation Delta Modulation Analog input is approximated by a staircase function. Function moves up or down at each sample interval by one level (d). Figure 3.6, Delta Modulation Delta modulation is easier than PCM in implementation, but it exhibits worse signal to noise ratio for the same data rate. But it is good for data compression. DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNAL Different digital modulation techniques are: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) A modulation technique in which digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave is called Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). One binary digit is represented by presence of carrier, at constant amplitude and the other binary digit represented by absence of carrier. Figure 3.7, Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 3.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) In frequency shift keying different frequencies are used to represent incoming digital data. Say in case of Binary Frequency Shift Keying f1 is used to represent 0 while f2 is used to represent 1. Figure 3.8, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) In MFSK more than two frequencies are used and hence bandwidth is more efficiently utilized. 3.3.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) A digital modulation technique in which data is transmitted by modulating and changing the phase of the reference signal is called Phase-shift keying (PSK). In case of PSK, a finite number of phases are used. A unique pattern of binary bits is assigned to each of these phases. Generally, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. The symbol is formed by each pattern of bits that is represented by the particular phase. Figure 3.9, Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Figure 3.10, Constellation Diagram of BPSK The bandwidth of ASK and PSK are specified as: Whereas the bandwidth of FSK is given as: Where, R is the bit rate DF = f2 fc = fc f1 CHAPTER # 04 CHANNEL CODING 4.0 INTRODUCTION Why Channel Coding? In modern digital communication systems information is represented in bit streams, which are then modulated to analog waveforms before being transmitted onto a channel. At receiver this analog information is demodulated into bit streams, but because of the presence of interference and noise in the communication channel this bit stream may be corrupted. So to minimize occurrence of bits in error and protect digital data from channel noise and interference channel coding is used. How Channel Coding is performed? Additional redundant bits are added to the message data stream to perform channel coding, these extra bits assist in error detection and correction at the receivers end. Channel Coding at the cost of? Channel Coding is performed at the cost of bandwidth expansion and data rate reduction. 4.1 TYPES OF CHANNEL CODING TECHNIQUES There are two main types of channel coding techniques, Block Codes Convolutional Codes. Block Codes accepts k number of information bits and generate a block of n number of encoded bits, and thus are commonly known as (n.k) block codes. Some common examples of block codes are Hamming Codes and Reed Solomon Codes. Convolutional Coding is forward error correction technique that is currently most widely used in modern communication systems, this particular technique is used for real-time error correction. Unlike block codes which append redundant bits at the end of original message signal, Convolutional coding form a new codeword using original data stream. The encoded bits are not solely dependent on k current input bits but at the same time on precedent input bits. 4.2 CONVOLUTIONAL CODES In this project Convolutional Coding is implemented. Convolutional Codes are further classified as 1. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) 2.Turbo Codes. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) is non recursive, non systematic and does not require an interleaver. Turbo Codes on the other hand are recursive, systematic, parallel structured and they also require interleaver. In Wideband CDMA systems TCM is used for all channels while Turbo Codes may be used for DCH and FACH channels. Turbo Codes are sometimes classified as separate branch of Channel Codes so from here onwards word Convolutional Code will only be used for TCM. Types of Transmission Channels Coding Schemes Coding Rate RACH Convolutional Coding 1/2 BCH PCH DCH, FACH 1/2, 1/3 Turbo Coding 1/3 Table 4.1, WCDMA Specifications 4.3 CONVOLUTIONAL CODE REPRESENTATIONS 4.3.1 Polynomial Representation No. of input information bits = k No. of encoded bits = n No. of stages (Constraint Length) = K Code Rate = k/n Encoded CodeWord = U The following example shows how Convolutional Codes are represented. Let g1(x) and g2(x) be encoder polynomials, where g1(x) = 1 + x + x2 g2(x) = 1 + x2 Let input message bit stream be 101, therefore input message bit stream polynomial will be, m(x) = 1 + x2 The encoded codeword U will be combination of product of g1(x) with m(x) and g2(x) with m(x), m(x) x g1(x) = 1 + 1.x + 0.x2 + 1.x3 + 1.x4 m(x) x g2(x) = 1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + 1.x4 Therefore the codeword U, becomes U = (1,1) + (1,0).x + (0,0).x2 + (1,0).x3 + (1,1).x4 U = 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4.3.2 State Transition Diagram Convolutional Coding can be represented using State Transition Diagram. Following are State Transition Diagram and State Transition Table for code rate 1/2. Figure 4.1, State Transition Diagram for Code Rate  ½ Table 4.2, State Transition Table for Code Rate  ½ Again for the same input bit stream 10100, the codeword U = 11 10 00 10 11. In the input message last two 00 bits are tail bits. 4.3.2 Block Diagram Representation The following diagram shows block diagram representation of Convolutional Coding with Code Rate = 1/2 Constraint Length (No. of Stages) = 3 Figure 4.2, Block Diagram Representation of Convolutional Code with Code Rate =  ½ The following example illustrates the process of Convolutional Coding using block diagram representation for input bit stream 101. So the final codeword becomes, U = 11 10 00 10 11 4.3.2 Trellis Diagram Representation For input bit stream 101, the following diagram shows how Convolutional Coding is performed using Trellis Diagram Figure 4.3, Trellis Diagram Representation CHAPTER # 05 PULSE SHAPING TECHNIQUES 3.0 INTRODUCTION Why Pulse Shaping? It is done in order to reduce Inter Symbol Interference commonly known as ISI. How Pulse Shaping is performed? In order to achieve zero-ISI the overall system response must be equal to Nyquist frequency response. 5.1 RAISED COSINE FILTER Inter Symbol Interference significantly degrades the data detector ability to differentiate between a current symbol from diffused energy of adjacent symbol. This leads to the detection of error and increases BER. So in order to cater ISI, a real-time realization of Nyquist filter is applied in modern communication systems. Raised cosine filter is one of the realization of Nyquist filter. where r = roll-off factor = 1 ≠¤ r ≠¤ 0 and T = symbol period = 1/R Roll-off factor determines the filter bandwidth and represents a trade-off between the sharpness of the transition band of the filter and impulse response ringing magnitude of the filter. A Nyquist filter has following properties: Time response eventually goes to zero in a time period exactly equal to the symbol spacing. By sampling the symbol sequence at a given symbol time point, present symbol is not affected by the energy spreading from the adjacent symbols. The impulse response and the frequency response of the RC filter is Figure 5.1, Impulse Response of RC Filter Figure 5.2, Frequency Response of RC Filter Time response of the RC filter goes to zero with a period that exactly equal to the symbol spacing. As the response equals zero at all symbol times except for the desired one none of the adjacent symbols interfere with each other. 5.2 ROOT RAISED COSINE FILTER RC filter is divided into a root raised cosine (RRC) filter pair, with one at the transmitter end, which performs the pulse shaping in order to constrain the modulated signal bandwidth, and the other at the receiver end, that performs matched detection for optimizing the SNR of a known signal in AWGN presence. The Root Raised Cosine filter is so named because its transfer function exactly is the square root of the transfer function of the Raised Cosine filter. Where r = roll off factor and T is symbol period. The RRC filter bandwidth is equal to the root mean square (RMS) amplitude 2R. The impulse response and the frequency response of the RRC filter is Figure 5.3, Impulse Response of RRC Filter Figure 5.4, Frequency Response of RRC Filter Both RC and RRC have similar pulse shapes, but the RRC pulse makes slightly faster transitions, therefore the spectrum of RRC pulse decays more rapidly as compared to the RC pulse. Another important difference between both pulses is that the RRC pulse does not have zero Inter Symbol Interference. Because of the fact that RRC filter is used at transmitter and receiver both, the product of these transfer functions is a raised cosine, which will result in zero ISI output. 5.3 ROLL OFF FACTOR The roll-off factor, r, is a measure of the excess bandwidth of the filter, i.e. the bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist bandwidth of 1/2T. Where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  f is excess bandwidth and Rs is symbol rate. CHAPTER # 06 SPREAD SPECTRUM Spread spectrum is a type of modulation where the data is spread across the entire frequency spectrum. This process of spreading the data across the entire spectrum helps signal against noise and interference. These techniques are mostly employed in cell phones and also with wireless LANs. To qualify as a spread spectrum signal, two criterions must be met The transmitted signal bandwidth must be in excess of the information bandwidth. Some function other than the data being transmitted is used to establish the bandwidth of the resultant transmission. Why Spread Spectrum ? Due to its exclusive and peculiar properties spread spectrum is preferred over other modulation schemes. Some of these properties are characterized as advantages and disadvantages of a basic spread spectrum system below. Advantages †¢ It reduces the effects of multipath interference and at times removes them entirely. †¢ Frequency band is shared simultaneously with other users. †¢ Pseudo random codes ensure protection of transmission and privacy. †¢ As the signal is spread over an entire spectrum it has a low power spectral density. Disadvantages †¢ Due to spreading operation it consumes more bandwidth. †¢ It is at times difficult to implement. Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques Most commonly used techniques in a spread spectrum systems are Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum A frequency hopping spread spectrum hops from one narrow band to another all within a wider band. In general the frequency hopper transmitter sends data packets at one carrier frequency and then jumps to another carrier frequency before sending ore packets and continues the same routine throughout the period of transmission. The pattern that emerges seems to be random but is in fact periodic and easily traceable by pre configured transmitter and receiver. These systems can be vulnerable to noise at a particular hop but usually are able to send packets during the next hop. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Most widely used technique of spread spectrum is the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. A Direct Sequence Transmitter receives the incoming data stream which is to be transmitted and then converts it into a symbol stream where the size of a symbol can be one or more bits. Using any of the modulation schemes for digital systems such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) this symbol stream is multiplied to a noise like sequence known as pseudo random sequence. It is also know as a chip sequence. As a result of this multiplication the bandwidth of the transmission is significantly increased. Figure 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System Figure 3. shows the working of a basic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity purposes, one channel is shown working in one direction only. Transmission For each channel a distinct and different Pseudo random code is generated. In order to spread the data the data stream is multiplied with the previously generated Pseudo random code. The signal obtained as a result of this multiplication is then modulated onto a carrier. This modulated carrier waveform is then amplified before broadcasting. Reception The carrier wave is amplified as soon as it is received by the receiver. The signal received is then multiplied with a locally generated carrier which gives the spreaded signal. Again a Pseudo random code is generated on the basis of the signal expected. The process of correlation is carried out on the received signal and the generated code which gives the original message signal. Pseudo-Random Noise The spread spectrum systems are constructed very similar to other conventional systems. The difference being the addition of pseudo random generators both at the transmitter and the receiver which generate the Pseudo noise sequences required for the functionality of Direct Sequence spread spectrum. These pseudo random noise sequences are used for spreading the signal at the transmitter side and dispreading at the receiv

Transformation of Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Transformation of Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of Shakesphere's, Macbeth, the character, Macbeth is basically an everyday normal type of soldier fighting and killing for his king.   His title at this point is the Thane of Glamis.   Upon having a great day on the battlefield, including killing MacDonwald, Macbeth has no clue as to what is in store for him. When Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet the witches for the first time, they are completely shocked.   While talking with the witches Macbeth and Banquo are told that Macbeth will be named the Thane of Cawdor, and then later king.   They also told Banquo that his children will be kings, but that Banquo would not.   After hearing this Macbeth begins to become ashamed with himself to think that he actually thought about killing the king in order to the throne from Duncan.   At this point he is somewhat confused and maybe more curious than anything.   His thought was not to do anything drastic to become king.   He basically says, whatever happens, happens.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Macbeth arrives home to his wife, Lady Macbeth, she begins to play mind games with him.   She does this by trying to convince him to murder Duncan. She tells him things like â€Å"If you were a real man you'd do it†.   This upsets Macbeth, and he begins to think that he is actually going to do it, and eventually carries it out. What he doesn't realize is that he will later regret his actions, and wish that he could turn back time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As soon as Macbeth has killed Duncan, he seems to start to lose his mind. He just doesn't know what to do with himself.   In fact, he cannot finish smearing the blood on the chamberlains, lady Macbeth had to.   As time goes by Macbeth begins to think that to keep his name clear he must kill all the people that may pose a threat to him.   Even if it means killing his best friend, Banquo.   Macbeth did this by hiring people to kill him.   They succeeded in killing Banquo but his son Fleance escaped. Although this wasn't the end of Macbeth's killing, for instance he killed one man's(Macduff's) family, which basically didn't make any sense.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a couple more run ins with the witches, Macbeth completely loses all his ability to think straight and starts killing people just to prevent anyone from finding that he killed Duncan.   Not only has Macbeth lost his mind, so has lady Macbeth.   She is always caught walking in her sleep talking about Duncan's death, and she eventually commits suicide.