There Will Come Soft Rains Essay Example

There Will Come Soft Rains Essay Analyse how a character is developed for a particular purpose in a written text you have studied. ‘There Will Come Soft Rains’ is a dystopian science fiction short story written by Ray Bradbury. The story is about a house in the future that is left standing after a nuclear bomb. The house continues with its normal routine even in the absence of humans. In the short story a character that is developed for a particular purpose is the house.The houses’ particular purpose is to show a symbol of modern technology and the potential limitations of new technologies. The techniques used to develop the house for a particular purpose is: personification and actions. The first technique used to develop the house is for a particular purpose is personification. Bradbury uses personification throughout the story, which helps readers gain an insight on the houses personality. An example of this personification in the story is when the house â€Å"quivered at each sound†.Th is leads the reader to believe that the house is alive. This gives the house a defensive personality as it â€Å"quivered at each sound†. Another example of personification in the story is when house sings â€Å"tick-tock, seven o’clock † This example of personification is used to show us another personality that the house has, this is its organized personality. We see that the house is organized a lot throughout the story because its times are programmed reminders of what needs to be done at that certain time.These techniques are used to develop the house is for a particular purpose, which is to symbolise modern technology. It symbolises this through its features such as: being able to talk, knowing what to do at what time, being able to prepare a full meal and cleaning it up, cleaning the house and even playing poems. This shows the readers how modern the technology used in the house is. The second technique, used to develop the house for a particular purpose, is actions.Bradbury uses actions throughout the story to show the reader what the house is doing, which gives the reader a better understanding of the houses’ personality. The house does actions in numerous parts of the story, in one part of the story the house inquires â€Å"who goes there † it gets no answer from anything or anyone, it then shut its windows and drew its shades in â€Å"an old-maidenly preoccupation with self-protection.. † The reader perceives the houses’ personality to be protective also, however this shows us another purpose of the house which is ts limitations of new technology, although the house is protective it does not have the human ability to think and adapt to different situations. But not only is the house protective, despite the house having some of the best technology, such as cooking for you, making your bath, cleaning for you etc. The house still does not have the human ability to think and adapt to situations. An exampl e of this is when the house sings â€Å"two o’clock† after the dog dies the dog is decaying as the mice drop the dog into the incinerator.This shows the readers that house has no human emotion or the ability to adapt and think for itself and shows us that another personality the house has is being oblivious to most things such as death. These techniques are used to develop the house for a particular purpose in the story of showing the potential limitations of new technology. In conclusion, Ray Bradbury shows in this short story why he is such a skilled writer. Bradbury can effectively develop a character for a particular purpose in a clear way so that he readers can easily tell what it is about, just as he did in ‘There Will Come Soft Rains’.

My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essays

My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essays My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essay My Most Memorable Dining Experience Essay Essay My most memorable dining experience surprisingly happened on a regular Wednesday eventide. I was packed and ready for my month trip. my flight was scheduled early in the forenoon and I knew I had some clip on my custodies. I wanted to pass it with my best friend before I left. and with that great thought in head I headed to her topographic point of work. Emeril’s Restaurant. I had neer dined there before due to the pricy ticket that every mulct dining eating house carries. but that twenty-four hours I decided to get down my holiday early and fling myself. I’m truly glad I did! Everyone should see a all right dining atmosphere at least one time in their life-time because those exceeding memories are invaluable. As I arrived. a mark with â€Å"complementary gentleman parking† on it already set the tone for a pleasant surprise. I made my manner to the chief entryway basking a light zephyr that brought a sweet flowered odor. Immediately a friendly hostess approached me inquiring if I had a reserve tonight. I let her cognize I was here to see one of the employees. my best friend Julia. While she was naming for her. I couldn’t aid but stare at the luxury atmosphere of that topographic point. I felt like I walked into a castle. Highly high ceilings decorated with bright colour pendants contributed good to alone natural visible radiation coming through mosaic colour glass windows making a beautiful atmosphere and first feeling. Walking through the dinning room with my friend. I saw looming shelves at the saloon filled with sole vinos and liquors. while across from it featured calm lily pool that runs in a centre of the eating house. Wet walls of that pool create mini waterfalls for a romantic scenery at the booths right next to it. After all this I decided to research another pearl of this eating house. the Chef’s nutrient saloon! Located right in forepart of the kitchen. where all the action takes topographic point it couldn’t be a better pick for me. Sing that astonishing South Pacific atmosphere with modern-day design had me more than excited to seek their nutrient creative activities. Right off I receive a complementary appetiser from the Chef for being a first clip invitee and it gave me clip to look over a bill of fare. With my spicy tuna axial rotation I receive a interest martini good paired by Julia for that Asiatic extract. It softened the spicy bite of axial rotation and accented fresh chip veggies and tempura crust in my oral cavity. a great start. I chose to go on with seafood throughout the classs. as the lone petition I asked Julia for while she’s doing a determinations for me. The following dish was an obvious pick as she knows how much I love crab bars. and now I get to seek Chef Emerile’s Polynesian take on it. It arrived on a large blue home base that contrasted bright xanthous mango-habanero butter sauce and included a fantastic caramelized Ananas comosuss on top of elephantine aureate crusted bar. Presentation was completed by long cut cives. coriander foliage. and black benne seeds. The first bite is runing in my oral cavity while I’m savoring the strong spirit of the snow bluish crab. and so the sauce comes in drama conveying sugariness of Mangifera indica and little boot of habanero. Thingss I thought could neer be on the same home base. every bit good as soft texture of crab on the interior and panko crisped outside and another bed of soft caramelized Ananas comosus are so good blended. With all the odors and steams of good crafted nutrient coming my manner. I know I’m ready for the chief class! My dining set up gets changed once more. and I’m excited to see chop sticks. that means I’m acquiring something from a splash Fry pan. My exhilaration and expectancy grows bigger when the barman. Tony. personally brings his creative activity – a tropical spritzer made of fresh juice. white vino. sparkling H2O. and garnished with existent bright pink flower. yet another image worthy presentation. Shortly after. mouthwatering pan seared crenations over rice noodles have arrived and I can see hot steam lifting from my home base conveying an inviting aroma of soy sauce and mushrooms. Soft. spicy noodles present a strong boot. but certain adequate my reviewing spritzer off sets the powerful gustatory sensation and cleanse the palette for the crenation. That fantastic repast transported me to the peaceable resort on the Pacific Islands for few hours. and in my head I wasn’t in Orlando at all. I was on holiday already. Everything from the arresting infinite. good executed dishes. to the keen service created warm memories for me to take on a long trip. I think everyone should handle themselves to ticket dining experience at least one time for a life clip memories. and I assure you. Emeril’s merely the topographic point for it!

Essay about readings Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

About readings - Essay Example I always use to use my beloved site for at least 2 to 3 hours a day that comprises various activities of my interest. The most amazing thing about Facebook is that I am getting tremendous knowledge about the events going on around me as current affairs. I am not a big fan of politics. However, when I see funny side of politics shared by my friends, I start taking interest in politics naturally. I visit the posts of my friends to get some information about the general events or other technological advances. It has helped me a great deal in enhancing my knowledge and horizon. My association with Facebook was very similar to the attachment of (Gathman) with cell phones. His emotions were totally integrated with his phone that he loved so much. He discovered all the aspects of the phone to find out its versatility. He explained his association with the mobile in terms of calls, texts and other purposes. Same is the case with me and Facebook. I want to explore every bit of it. I keep searching for various entertainment, informative, and technological set ups on this social media. Facebook has some kind of psychological connection with me. Whenever, I get five minutes free from my classes, I use to open my beloved site from my mobile. I am very thankful to the university to provide the Wi-Fi internet service throughout the college that allows me to use the social media wherever I go in the campus. It is very easy to open the ‘Home’ page and start navigating from top to bottom. It’s a great feeling whenever the theme of Facebook appears in front of my eyes. It gives me feelings of satisfaction and removes my boredom. Visiting Facebook regularly has become the part and parcel of my daily activities. It feels like something is missing when I don’t visit my social media for some hours. Some kind of chasm starts appearing in the mind as I get far from my mobile phone for some

Redbull case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Redbull case study - Essay Example Red Bull overall marketing strategy is a combination of both global and local strategies. Red Bull has devised a unique, innovative, viral marketing strategy which mainly targets consumers in need of energy boost, especially young adults, club-goers, college and university students and young urban professionals (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). This local strategy has seen growth of sales locally in countries where it operates. On the other hand, the company has expanded its distribution channels in various countries all over the globe using a strategy that is in no way related to traditional marketing strategies. In the process of international market selection, demographic segmentation criteria would be most relevant segmentation criteria. Having devised this approach in its market orientation, where its target group was those consumers who are in need of energy boost, especially the young people, this would also work in the process of international market selection. Putting into consideration demographic characteristics such as age, lifestyle, income, occupation, sex, education and nationality would help Red Bull select the best international target markets segments whose buying behavior are known. This criterion is most relevant to have Red Bull enjoyed in the right context- where there is need for energy boost rather than just selling a beverage (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). The launch of Red Bull Cola and Red Bull Shots was a wise idea by the company. Red Bull had specialized in only one brand, which was energy drinks and was available in two flavor varieties. This move was a major brand extension aimed at tapping new markets that were untapped. This move would see expansion of its operations and revenues. The launch of the new brand the Red Bull Cola and Red Bull shots in many markets at the same time saw Red Bull survive stiff completion on some markets like North America (Kotabe & Helsen, 2014). Target of one segment of the market would risk eviction by other

Assessment of National Express Group Operations, Macroeconomic Essay

Assessment of National Express Group Operations, Macroeconomic Environment and Challenges - Essay Example This essay presents an informative analysis of the National Express Group company economic position. The company was founded in 1972 by the state owned National Bus Company. The company has grown tremendously since its privatization in 1988 from a small transport service provider to a multinational firm. It currently has its operations in UK, Canada, Morocco, Spain, US and Portugal. The company has recently expanded its business in other parts of Europe also. The company currently runs more than 1600 busses across UK and is a leader in urban bus service provider. It also provides bus service in North America in which daily 1 million students go to school. National Express Group is focused in achieving excellence in their existing markets and to explore new market opportunities to drive their company to the utmost peak. Its main objective is the growth of its business through customer satisfaction Macroeconomic environment consists of those variables upon which the company has no control. Companies cannot control the macroeconomic factors but can minimize its impact by taking strategic decisions accordingly. These factors exist outside a company and usually have a great affect on the functioning of the company. In UK, the market conditions were challenging but still due to strong market hold and flexible coach supply model, the company delivered high profit for the business. As of National Express bus service in UK, there was a rise in cost for the company during the year 2009 due to the increase in the cost of fuel.

Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay

Block Diagram Of A Communication System Computer Science Essay The doorway to the nowadays wireless communication systems was opened by Guglielmo Marconi when he transmitted the three-dot Morse code for alphabet S by the use of electromagnetic waves over a 3-KM link in 1895. This laid the foundation of modern communication systems ranging from broadcasting, satellite transmission and radio eventually progressing to nowadays cell phones. It wouldnt be wrong to say that wireless communication has indeed revolutionized our present society A sudden increase has been observed in the expansion of radio systems during the last two decades. We have seen great evolution in Wireless communication systems from 1G narrowband analog systems in the 1980s to the 2G narrowband digital systems in the 1990s. Now the existing 3G wideband multimedia systems are being deployed. In the meantime, research and progress in the future-generation wideband multimedia radio systems is vigorously being pursued worldwide. To connect mobile users to the public switched network the United States introduced first radiotelephone service by the end of the 1940s. Improved Mobile Telephone Service was launched by Bell Systems in 1960s due to which lots of improvements like direct dialing and increase in bandwidth took place. IMTS formed the bases of the first analog cellular systems. The term cellular was used due to the fact that coverage areas were split cells, they had a low power transmitter and receiver. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Figure 1. Block diagram of a general communication system. ANALOG vs. DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Definition of Digital A method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 and 1. Advantages of Digital low-priced reliable Easy to manipulate Flexible Compatible with other digital systems The information in digital form can only be transmitted without any degradation through a noisy channel Incorporated networks Disadvantages of Digital Sampling Error As compared to analogue, larger bandwidth is required in digital communications for the transmission of the same information. Synchronization in the communications system is required to recognize the digital signals, but this is not the case with analogue systems. Definition of Analogue Analogue is a transmission standard that uses electrical impulses to emulate the audio waveform of sound. When you use a phone, the variations in your voice are transformed by a microphone into similar variations in an electrical signal and carried down the line to the exchange. Advantages of Analogue less bandwidth is required More Accurate Disadvantages of Analogue Signal loss and distortion can be seen due to the effects of random noise which is impossible to recover GENERATIONS OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS The concept of cellular telephony was introduced in AMPS, short for Advanced Mobile Phone Systems. AMPS divided the total area into small regions called cells and this was from where the concept of cellular telephony started. Cellular Systems had many advantages such as they increased quality, capacity, reliability and availability of mobile telephone network. The generations of cellular systems are described below. FIRST GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS First generation cellular telephone systems were introduced in 1980s. They were based on Analog Frequency Modulation technique. Each channel was assigned a sole frequency. First generation cellular systems offered only wireless voice services based on analog technology. Digital signals were only used for control information such as dialing a number etc. These systems were no able to cope with the increasing demands of users also they had very less capacity and provided poor voice quality. Some first generations systems are Advanced Mobile Telephone System, AMPS NAMPS, AMPS Total Access Cellular System (TACS) Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT-900) SECOND GENERATION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Second Generation Cellular Systems provided larger capacity and provided much better services to users compared to first generation systems. They were based upon Digital Modulation technique which led to great enhancement in networks capacity. Second Generation Systems used multiple access techniques such as TDMA and FDMA. The biggest draw back of Second Generation Systems was that its different systems were not compatible with each other. Therefore roaming between different systems was not possible. Some of Second Generation Systems are North American Digital Cellular, NADC Global System for Mobile Communication, GSM Pacific Digital Cellular, PDC CDMAONE, IS-95 CDMA In order to overcome Second Generation compatibility problem with increased data rates of modern internet applications, 2.5 Generation standards were developed. The best thing about them was that they allowed already existing Second Generation systems to be upgraded so that they can be used for higher data rate transmission. 2.5 Generation brought a new revolution in cellular telephony by supporting services like high speed internet and location based mobile services. Some of 2.5 Generation Mobile Systems are General Packet Radio Service, GPRS Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution, EDGE THIRD GENERTAION CELLULAR SYSTEMS Designed to provide high quality and high capacity in data communication, Third Generation Systems require sophisticated spreading and modulation techniques. Third Generation Systems are aimed to provide voice quality comparable to land line telephony and also to support high data rate. These systems are compatible with circuit switched as well as packet switched data services. They are also compatible with the existing networks and use radio spectrum much more efficiently than before. Some Third Generation Systems are Wideband CDMA, WCDMA Universal Mobile Telephone System, UMTS CDMA 2000 BEYOND 3G The highly developed version of the 3G mobile communication are the 4G mobile communication services. It is estimated that 4G mobile communication services will give increase in capacity, data transmission with high speed, broadband, HQ color video images for users, graphic animation games in 3D, audio services in 5.1 channels. For the system and architecture of 4G mobile communication many researches are done. Developments are made in the terminal protocol technology for high speed packet services, larger capacity, enabling downloading application programs by public software platform technology, multimode radio access platform technology, and high quality media coding technology over mobile networks. Why 4G? Services like wireless internet and teleconferencing can be carried by 4G. Global mobility and service portability. Wider bandwidths. Increased bit rates. Less expensive. Mobile networks can easily be scaled. CHAPTER # 02 Multiplexing is a process in which a single carrier is used to transmit several different signals. These several signals are transmitted all together by combining them and forming one signal that will effectively move through the carrier bandwidth. When one transmission is done and the signal reaches the destination point, the integrated signal re-assembles into its actual form and is then received. Multiplexing is one of the most used techniques today in almost every communication system. Because of the technological advance multiplexing, we have seen major increase in efficiency of a wide range of telephony services and online applications. Multiplexing has become an effective technique that assists in everything from video conferences and web conferences up to bulk data transmissions and even making a simple Point-to-Point phone call. FDMA: FDMA is the most usual technique used for multiple accessing. FDMA stands for frequency division multiple access. It is clear from its name that in this technique the frequency is divided among the users as the available spectrum is shared among them in the frequency domain. The message signals are transmitted onto carriers for different users using particular RF frequencies. Within FDMA structural design the Single Channel Per Carrier (SPSC) is the simplest method where each channel is provided with a separate carrier. This scheme finds its essence in the fact that the channels are assigned on the basis of demand. Within a cell all the channels are available to all users all the time, and the channels are assigned as soons as a message signal is received or a request is made. Guard bands are used to reduce the chances of interference from adjacent channels. These guard bands are present between the bands allocated for various channels. In the implementation of the first analog cellular systems, FDMA is the multiplexing technique that was used. TDMA: Time division multiple access techniques allots different time intervals to different users for the transmission of signals and storage of the data is carried out in one frequency channel not like FDMA which uses one frequency per channel. Users are allowed to use the same frequency but the time slots are divided. In TDMA techniques the available spectrum is divided into small frequency bands as in FDMA, which are further sub-divided into various time slots. The user can access the frequency channel only for time slot allotted to him. User can use periodically the particular duration of time. In TDMA systems, guard bands are required between both frequency channels and time slots. SDMA: SDMA stands for Space-Division Multiple Access. It is a MIMO (Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output, a multiple antenna schematic architecture) based wireless communication network architecture. It enables access to a communication channel by the process of identifying the user location and establishing a one-on-one mapping between the network bandwidth allotment and the acknowledged spatial location that is why its mostly suitable for mobile ad-hoc networks. For majority of the well known mobile communication architectures such as CDMA, TDMA and FDMA, SDMA architecture can be configured and implemented CDMA: CDMA stands for Code division multiple access. CDMA systems are based on the spread spectrum technique. In which transmissions by all the users are carried out simultaneously while operating at the same frequency and using the entire spectrum bandwidth. For the identification and extraction of required transmission, each user is allotted with a unique code which cannot match with any other user. This issue of identification is due to the fact that all the users transmit simultaneously. To ensure this privacy, pseudo-random noise codes or PN codes are used. These codes are actually the orthogonal codes and its advantage is that it reduces the chances of cross correlation among themselves. By using this PN code assigned to the specific user, modulation of the message signal from an individual user is done. Then we have the CDMA frequency channel through which all the modulated signals from different users are transmitted. At the receivers end, the desired signal is then recovered by de-spreading the signal with a replica of the PN code for the specific user. The signals whose PN codes are not matched with the desired signal and are assigned to different users are not de-spread and as a result are regarded as noise by the receiver. CDMA differs from both TDMA and FDMA in a way that it allows users to transmit the signal at the same time and operate at the same nominal frequency so it requires less synchronization whereas in TDMA and FDMA frequency and time management is very critical so more dynamic synchronization is required. One more advantage of CDMA is that complete systems spectrum is used by signals and hence no guard bands are required to protect against adjacent channel interference. Intro to Spread Spectrum Communications Following are the major elements that can clearly describe the Spread Spectrum communications: By spread spectrum, bandwidth far in excess is available than that is necessary to send the information. Due to this characteristic the transmission can be protected against interference and jamming at the same time providing multiple access capability. An independent code known as the Pseudo random code is used for signal spreading across the bandwidth. The distinct nature of this code separates spread spectrum communications from typical modulation techniques in which modulation always spreads the spectrum somewhat. For the recovery of the original signal the receiver is synchronized to the deterministic pseudo random code. Users can transmit the signal at the same time and operate at the same nominal frequency by using independent code and synchronous reception. In order to protect the signal from interference a pseudo-random code is used. It appears to be random to anyone who does not have its pre-defined knowledge but in reality is deterministic, it is because of this fact that receiver is able to reconstruct the code needed for the recovery of the required data signal. This code used for synchronous detection is also called Pseudo noise sequence. Types of Spread Spectrum Communications Spreading of bandwidth of the signal can be achieved by three ways: Frequency hopping The signal is shuffled between different centre frequencies within the entire bandwidth available to the hopper pseudo-randomly, and the receiver used already knows where to look for the signal at a given time. Time hopping The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows when a burst is expected. Direct sequence Very high frequency is used to code the digital data. The code is pseudo-randomly generated. The same code is generated at the receiver end, and in order to extract the original data this code is multiplied to the received information stream. CHAPTER # 03 SOURCE CODING AND DIGITAL MODULATION 3.0 INTRODUCTION Digital Modulation is performed in order to represent digital data in a format that is compatible with our communication channel. Why Digital Modulation? Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of information than analog modulation schemes. 3.1 DIGITAL DATA, DIGIITAL SIGNAL Digital signal is binary data encoded into signal elements. Different encoding schemes for encoding digital data into digital signal are: 3.1.1 Non Return to Zero (NRZ) In NRZ there are two different voltage levels for 0 and 1. There is no transition in the middle of the bit. The absence of signal denotes 0 and a positive voltage level denotes 1. Figure 3.1, Non Return to Zero (NRZ) The major drawback of NRZ scheme is that it adds a dc component to the signal. 3.1.2 Multilevel Binary (AMI) In this encoding scheme there are more than two levels. No signal represents 0 and 1 is represented by some positive and negative voltage level. 1s pulses are opposite in polarity. Figure 3.2, Multilevel Binary (AMI) There is no dc component in this scheme and also there is no loss of synchronization for consecutive 1s. 3.1.3 Manchester Coding There is transition in middle of each bit, which acts as a clock as well as data. The low to high transition represents 1 and high to low represents 0. Figure 3.3, Manchester Coding 3.1.4 Differential Manchester In this scheme transition at the middle of the bit represents only clocking while transition at start represents 0 and no transition at start represents 1. Figure 3.4, Differential Manchester 3.2 ANALOG DATA, DIGITAL SIGNAL Analog data is first converted into digital data by using analog to digital converters. These converters use different techniques to complete their task, some of them are: 3.2.1 Pulse Code Modulation If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a rate higher than twice the highest signal frequency, the samples contain all the information of the original signal. Each sample is assigned a digital value. Although its quality is comparable to that of analog transmission but still in this process some information is lost and the original signal can never be recovered. Figure 3.5, Pulse Code Modulation Delta Modulation Analog input is approximated by a staircase function. Function moves up or down at each sample interval by one level (d). Figure 3.6, Delta Modulation Delta modulation is easier than PCM in implementation, but it exhibits worse signal to noise ratio for the same data rate. But it is good for data compression. DIGITAL DATA, ANALOG SIGNAL Different digital modulation techniques are: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) A modulation technique in which digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave is called Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). One binary digit is represented by presence of carrier, at constant amplitude and the other binary digit represented by absence of carrier. Figure 3.7, Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 3.3.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) In frequency shift keying different frequencies are used to represent incoming digital data. Say in case of Binary Frequency Shift Keying f1 is used to represent 0 while f2 is used to represent 1. Figure 3.8, Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) In MFSK more than two frequencies are used and hence bandwidth is more efficiently utilized. 3.3.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) A digital modulation technique in which data is transmitted by modulating and changing the phase of the reference signal is called Phase-shift keying (PSK). In case of PSK, a finite number of phases are used. A unique pattern of binary bits is assigned to each of these phases. Generally, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. The symbol is formed by each pattern of bits that is represented by the particular phase. Figure 3.9, Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Figure 3.10, Constellation Diagram of BPSK The bandwidth of ASK and PSK are specified as: Whereas the bandwidth of FSK is given as: Where, R is the bit rate DF = f2 fc = fc f1 CHAPTER # 04 CHANNEL CODING 4.0 INTRODUCTION Why Channel Coding? In modern digital communication systems information is represented in bit streams, which are then modulated to analog waveforms before being transmitted onto a channel. At receiver this analog information is demodulated into bit streams, but because of the presence of interference and noise in the communication channel this bit stream may be corrupted. So to minimize occurrence of bits in error and protect digital data from channel noise and interference channel coding is used. How Channel Coding is performed? Additional redundant bits are added to the message data stream to perform channel coding, these extra bits assist in error detection and correction at the receivers end. Channel Coding at the cost of? Channel Coding is performed at the cost of bandwidth expansion and data rate reduction. 4.1 TYPES OF CHANNEL CODING TECHNIQUES There are two main types of channel coding techniques, Block Codes Convolutional Codes. Block Codes accepts k number of information bits and generate a block of n number of encoded bits, and thus are commonly known as (n.k) block codes. Some common examples of block codes are Hamming Codes and Reed Solomon Codes. Convolutional Coding is forward error correction technique that is currently most widely used in modern communication systems, this particular technique is used for real-time error correction. Unlike block codes which append redundant bits at the end of original message signal, Convolutional coding form a new codeword using original data stream. The encoded bits are not solely dependent on k current input bits but at the same time on precedent input bits. 4.2 CONVOLUTIONAL CODES In this project Convolutional Coding is implemented. Convolutional Codes are further classified as 1. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) 2.Turbo Codes. Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) is non recursive, non systematic and does not require an interleaver. Turbo Codes on the other hand are recursive, systematic, parallel structured and they also require interleaver. In Wideband CDMA systems TCM is used for all channels while Turbo Codes may be used for DCH and FACH channels. Turbo Codes are sometimes classified as separate branch of Channel Codes so from here onwards word Convolutional Code will only be used for TCM. Types of Transmission Channels Coding Schemes Coding Rate RACH Convolutional Coding 1/2 BCH PCH DCH, FACH 1/2, 1/3 Turbo Coding 1/3 Table 4.1, WCDMA Specifications 4.3 CONVOLUTIONAL CODE REPRESENTATIONS 4.3.1 Polynomial Representation No. of input information bits = k No. of encoded bits = n No. of stages (Constraint Length) = K Code Rate = k/n Encoded CodeWord = U The following example shows how Convolutional Codes are represented. Let g1(x) and g2(x) be encoder polynomials, where g1(x) = 1 + x + x2 g2(x) = 1 + x2 Let input message bit stream be 101, therefore input message bit stream polynomial will be, m(x) = 1 + x2 The encoded codeword U will be combination of product of g1(x) with m(x) and g2(x) with m(x), m(x) x g1(x) = 1 + 1.x + 0.x2 + 1.x3 + 1.x4 m(x) x g2(x) = 1 + 0.x + 0.x2 + 0.x3 + 1.x4 Therefore the codeword U, becomes U = (1,1) + (1,0).x + (0,0).x2 + (1,0).x3 + (1,1).x4 U = 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 4.3.2 State Transition Diagram Convolutional Coding can be represented using State Transition Diagram. Following are State Transition Diagram and State Transition Table for code rate 1/2. Figure 4.1, State Transition Diagram for Code Rate  ½ Table 4.2, State Transition Table for Code Rate  ½ Again for the same input bit stream 10100, the codeword U = 11 10 00 10 11. In the input message last two 00 bits are tail bits. 4.3.2 Block Diagram Representation The following diagram shows block diagram representation of Convolutional Coding with Code Rate = 1/2 Constraint Length (No. of Stages) = 3 Figure 4.2, Block Diagram Representation of Convolutional Code with Code Rate =  ½ The following example illustrates the process of Convolutional Coding using block diagram representation for input bit stream 101. So the final codeword becomes, U = 11 10 00 10 11 4.3.2 Trellis Diagram Representation For input bit stream 101, the following diagram shows how Convolutional Coding is performed using Trellis Diagram Figure 4.3, Trellis Diagram Representation CHAPTER # 05 PULSE SHAPING TECHNIQUES 3.0 INTRODUCTION Why Pulse Shaping? It is done in order to reduce Inter Symbol Interference commonly known as ISI. How Pulse Shaping is performed? In order to achieve zero-ISI the overall system response must be equal to Nyquist frequency response. 5.1 RAISED COSINE FILTER Inter Symbol Interference significantly degrades the data detector ability to differentiate between a current symbol from diffused energy of adjacent symbol. This leads to the detection of error and increases BER. So in order to cater ISI, a real-time realization of Nyquist filter is applied in modern communication systems. Raised cosine filter is one of the realization of Nyquist filter. where r = roll-off factor = 1 ≠¤ r ≠¤ 0 and T = symbol period = 1/R Roll-off factor determines the filter bandwidth and represents a trade-off between the sharpness of the transition band of the filter and impulse response ringing magnitude of the filter. A Nyquist filter has following properties: Time response eventually goes to zero in a time period exactly equal to the symbol spacing. By sampling the symbol sequence at a given symbol time point, present symbol is not affected by the energy spreading from the adjacent symbols. The impulse response and the frequency response of the RC filter is Figure 5.1, Impulse Response of RC Filter Figure 5.2, Frequency Response of RC Filter Time response of the RC filter goes to zero with a period that exactly equal to the symbol spacing. As the response equals zero at all symbol times except for the desired one none of the adjacent symbols interfere with each other. 5.2 ROOT RAISED COSINE FILTER RC filter is divided into a root raised cosine (RRC) filter pair, with one at the transmitter end, which performs the pulse shaping in order to constrain the modulated signal bandwidth, and the other at the receiver end, that performs matched detection for optimizing the SNR of a known signal in AWGN presence. The Root Raised Cosine filter is so named because its transfer function exactly is the square root of the transfer function of the Raised Cosine filter. Where r = roll off factor and T is symbol period. The RRC filter bandwidth is equal to the root mean square (RMS) amplitude 2R. The impulse response and the frequency response of the RRC filter is Figure 5.3, Impulse Response of RRC Filter Figure 5.4, Frequency Response of RRC Filter Both RC and RRC have similar pulse shapes, but the RRC pulse makes slightly faster transitions, therefore the spectrum of RRC pulse decays more rapidly as compared to the RC pulse. Another important difference between both pulses is that the RRC pulse does not have zero Inter Symbol Interference. Because of the fact that RRC filter is used at transmitter and receiver both, the product of these transfer functions is a raised cosine, which will result in zero ISI output. 5.3 ROLL OFF FACTOR The roll-off factor, r, is a measure of the excess bandwidth of the filter, i.e. the bandwidth occupied beyond the Nyquist bandwidth of 1/2T. Where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  f is excess bandwidth and Rs is symbol rate. CHAPTER # 06 SPREAD SPECTRUM Spread spectrum is a type of modulation where the data is spread across the entire frequency spectrum. This process of spreading the data across the entire spectrum helps signal against noise and interference. These techniques are mostly employed in cell phones and also with wireless LANs. To qualify as a spread spectrum signal, two criterions must be met The transmitted signal bandwidth must be in excess of the information bandwidth. Some function other than the data being transmitted is used to establish the bandwidth of the resultant transmission. Why Spread Spectrum ? Due to its exclusive and peculiar properties spread spectrum is preferred over other modulation schemes. Some of these properties are characterized as advantages and disadvantages of a basic spread spectrum system below. Advantages †¢ It reduces the effects of multipath interference and at times removes them entirely. †¢ Frequency band is shared simultaneously with other users. †¢ Pseudo random codes ensure protection of transmission and privacy. †¢ As the signal is spread over an entire spectrum it has a low power spectral density. Disadvantages †¢ Due to spreading operation it consumes more bandwidth. †¢ It is at times difficult to implement. Types of Spread Spectrum Techniques Most commonly used techniques in a spread spectrum systems are Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum A frequency hopping spread spectrum hops from one narrow band to another all within a wider band. In general the frequency hopper transmitter sends data packets at one carrier frequency and then jumps to another carrier frequency before sending ore packets and continues the same routine throughout the period of transmission. The pattern that emerges seems to be random but is in fact periodic and easily traceable by pre configured transmitter and receiver. These systems can be vulnerable to noise at a particular hop but usually are able to send packets during the next hop. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Most widely used technique of spread spectrum is the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. A Direct Sequence Transmitter receives the incoming data stream which is to be transmitted and then converts it into a symbol stream where the size of a symbol can be one or more bits. Using any of the modulation schemes for digital systems such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) this symbol stream is multiplied to a noise like sequence known as pseudo random sequence. It is also know as a chip sequence. As a result of this multiplication the bandwidth of the transmission is significantly increased. Figure 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System Figure 3. shows the working of a basic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity purposes, one channel is shown working in one direction only. Transmission For each channel a distinct and different Pseudo random code is generated. In order to spread the data the data stream is multiplied with the previously generated Pseudo random code. The signal obtained as a result of this multiplication is then modulated onto a carrier. This modulated carrier waveform is then amplified before broadcasting. Reception The carrier wave is amplified as soon as it is received by the receiver. The signal received is then multiplied with a locally generated carrier which gives the spreaded signal. Again a Pseudo random code is generated on the basis of the signal expected. The process of correlation is carried out on the received signal and the generated code which gives the original message signal. Pseudo-Random Noise The spread spectrum systems are constructed very similar to other conventional systems. The difference being the addition of pseudo random generators both at the transmitter and the receiver which generate the Pseudo noise sequences required for the functionality of Direct Sequence spread spectrum. These pseudo random noise sequences are used for spreading the signal at the transmitter side and dispreading at the receiv

Transformation of Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Transformation of Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of Shakesphere's, Macbeth, the character, Macbeth is basically an everyday normal type of soldier fighting and killing for his king.   His title at this point is the Thane of Glamis.   Upon having a great day on the battlefield, including killing MacDonwald, Macbeth has no clue as to what is in store for him. When Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet the witches for the first time, they are completely shocked.   While talking with the witches Macbeth and Banquo are told that Macbeth will be named the Thane of Cawdor, and then later king.   They also told Banquo that his children will be kings, but that Banquo would not.   After hearing this Macbeth begins to become ashamed with himself to think that he actually thought about killing the king in order to the throne from Duncan.   At this point he is somewhat confused and maybe more curious than anything.   His thought was not to do anything drastic to become king.   He basically says, whatever happens, happens.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Macbeth arrives home to his wife, Lady Macbeth, she begins to play mind games with him.   She does this by trying to convince him to murder Duncan. She tells him things like â€Å"If you were a real man you'd do it†.   This upsets Macbeth, and he begins to think that he is actually going to do it, and eventually carries it out. What he doesn't realize is that he will later regret his actions, and wish that he could turn back time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As soon as Macbeth has killed Duncan, he seems to start to lose his mind. He just doesn't know what to do with himself.   In fact, he cannot finish smearing the blood on the chamberlains, lady Macbeth had to.   As time goes by Macbeth begins to think that to keep his name clear he must kill all the people that may pose a threat to him.   Even if it means killing his best friend, Banquo.   Macbeth did this by hiring people to kill him.   They succeeded in killing Banquo but his son Fleance escaped. Although this wasn't the end of Macbeth's killing, for instance he killed one man's(Macduff's) family, which basically didn't make any sense.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a couple more run ins with the witches, Macbeth completely loses all his ability to think straight and starts killing people just to prevent anyone from finding that he killed Duncan.   Not only has Macbeth lost his mind, so has lady Macbeth.   She is always caught walking in her sleep talking about Duncan's death, and she eventually commits suicide.

What advantages or disadvantages are there of having a telephone mast at your school?

I deliberated in finding you a result, never the less I will give you an unbiased view point and give you a pragmatic answer†¦ Consequently I have prepared a list of bullet points for and against for the answer†¦ For * Good phone signals are in place so a teacher can easily contact others (via mobile phone) if the conditions are stormy. * If a phone mass was put into place, company's across the country would manufacture there businesses nearby so all employees could conveniently access strong phone signals meaning Clayton would be popular village meaning a boost in local economy†¦ * People would see Clayton as a more business friendly town, meaning more leisure prospects because companies might set up major offices and buildings†¦ * Small towns may be transformed into a thriving city because a brilliant signals†¦ * May bring protesters although they would need transport and accommodation therefore it puts money into the economy again†¦ * If major company's construct big offices near by other people may be persuaded to create other things nearby to cater for the business men's every need for example coffee shops and luxury outlet stores for rich people who work in the offices†¦ * If thriving company's start up in the town other buildings will come as well, for example the company may want a building nearby were they can host there website (lots of servers) so they don't have to travel far to maintain equipment, meaning that they will buy more land leading to estate agents and nearby people gaining lots of money, which will further more be pumped back into the economy†¦ * If major company's set up in the nearby town, big companies such as BT etc will feel pressured not to have a office in the town because the town will be popular full of people†¦ * More shops would appear because the town would be so popular meaning lots of people would buy products from there shop†¦ * There is no real evidence to suggest that the EM radiation used in cellular communications is harmful. Against * There are fears that mobile phone masts present a threat to health, these fears begin with the warming of the brain direct from mobile phones, this leads onto the possible causes of cancer that come from phone masts e.g. brain tumours, this is the cause of microwave radiation. * You might have trouble sleeping as time goes on and you could be at risk from catching a brain tumour. Also if someone was to stand near a phone mast they might be at risk of catching the flu. * Seven different studies had concluded that mobile phones could increase the chances of both malignant and benign brain tumours'. * Can be seen as unattractive for example, if there is elegant view around the town the mast would instantly destroy it†¦ Meaning that if the town is seen as a rural, it is no instantly transformed as an urban town†¦ * Newcastle is aimed at older people (London is aimed at younger people) Therefore they will be against the change†¦ How it works Mobile phones work using radio signals in a similar way to radio and television. The system is based on geographic areas known as cells. When you make a call, your mobile phone sends a signal to the nearest base station that controls a cell. The base station then transmits the signal through mobile and fixed line networks to connect you. Cells vary in size depending on location and demand. A large base station may be able to carry 100 to 150 calls simultaneously while a smaller one may only be able to carry around 30 calls. More base stations will be needed in areas where lots of people want to use their mobile phones. There are around 51,000 base stations in the UK, two-thirds of which are integrated into the design of existing buildings or structures. Conclusion This is a very debateable subject, however I hope the bullet points I have willingly provided have made it easier for me to make a strong decision†¦ If I was put in charge of making this decision I would be for the telephone mast because it would bring major companies to Newcastle-under-Lyme which would be excellent for the economy, There are about 70 million mobile phones in use in the UK which of whom need to base stations, this is why one should be made in Newcastle because they have to be made! People may protest and rebel about this although this wouldn't matter too much because after a while people will forget†¦If we did put a telephone mast in Newcastle there is a chance that Newcastle under Lyme could be completely transformed for the best! Some major disadvantages would be that it could cause harm towards the civilians and that the change could anger the more older public because they might not like thriving city's and prefer the quite villages†¦

Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Supernatural Forces in Macbeth Supernatural forces in Shakespeares Macbeth aid the play in creating a suspenseful atmosphere. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost and the apparitions are the backbone of the climax and provide excuses for Macbeths change of character. Because conscience plays such a central role in Macbeths tragic struggle, many critics have used spiritual and supernatural theories both historical and modern to illuminate the dramas character development and world view. The play opens with the use of the supernatural when three witches encounter Macbeth on his way home from a battle and proceed to predict his fate. This gives the audience a glimpse of path the play will follow. When the battles (battle is) lost and won (I. I. 1-4) is when the witches plan to meet again. This is a recurring theme throughout the play. It can be noted that the witches meet after every battle is lost and won, and every battle, whether man against man, man against nature or man against himself is always lost by one side and won by another. Eventually Macbeth will lose the battle for his soul. After the prophecies of the witches revealed the fate of Macbeth was to be king, he begins to develop an immoral plan to carry out the prophecy. The only way for Macbeth to have the throne is to wait or to kill King Duncan. Macbeth already knew he was going to be king because the witches forecasted it in his future, so how he went about getting there was not a concern of Macbeths. T he three sisters were capable of motivating Macbeth to kill Duncan by planting the idea in his head that he could be king. The ghostly dagger, which led Macbeth to Duncans chamber, also represents the supernatural forces that cause the fall of Macbeth. and in the grim irony of his pledge of loyalty just 30 lines after his horrible imagings (1.3.138) of murder. His benumbed isolation before, during and right after Duncans murder is one of the most vivid memories, and we can see him in the same abstraction again among the mourners after Duncan is found. (Manyard 62) Macbeths memories of the murder of king Duncan were too cloudy for him to remember because the disallusionment and distraction of the knife influenced him to go through with killing Duncan. Macbeth was led towards Duncans room by the bloody knife and even had second thoughts of the murder of the king, until Lady Macbeth stepped in. These deeds must not be thought. After these ways, so make us mad. (II.II.32-33) This convinces Macbeth to go back and finish his deed. I feel the floating dagger along with emotions and adrenaline coaxed Macbeth to the murder. Had it not been for the dagger he probably wouldnt have ever traveled up the stairs to Duncans chamber.

Analog and Digital Recording essays

Analog and Digital Recording essays When you listen to a tape, do you know how the sound got there? When you purchase a CD or a record, do you know which will sound better and last longer? Do you know the components of Digital and Analog recording? In this essay I will define, explain and compare the similarities of Digital and Analog recording. Analog recording means, the wave form of the recorded signal resembles the wave form of the original. (Alten) Records were of the few amongst the beginning of Analog recording, however compared to Digital recording, Analog has a low frequency control due to the fact that the amplitude of the electrical signal produced was proportional to the side to side velocity of the stylus. (Walsh) Something in which people listen to frequently is Audiotape. Audiotape in Analog recording is defined as the conversion of electrical signals into magnetic signals in the recording stage and then it is encoded onto tape. When the tape is played back, magnetic signals are then reconverted back into electrical signals. (Alten) The composure of Audiotape recording is a stripe of plastic which has been coated with material that is easily magnetized. It has three heads, which are the Erasehead, Recordhead and the Playhead, which is also known as the E.R.P. (Alten) The signals that are applied to the Recordheads are equalized according to the speed and the tape type. (Digital Domain) The functions of the three different types of Heads are as follows. The Erasehead; neutralizes the polarities of the magnetic particles to remove sound from the tape. (Alten) This is why most people are careful of hitting that record button by accident, while playing valuable information. The Recordhead is the one we use when dubbing a song or our voices to tape. It carries two signals, the record bias current and the audio current. This signal ...

Marks & Spencer Marketing in the United Kingdom Research Paper

Marks & Spencer Marketing in the United Kingdom - Research Paper Example As a result of this, the customers are naturally becoming more and more demanding in nature with respect to their specific needs for new and innovative products and services. This is in return creating a major pressure in the local markets around the world, and is eventually resulting in the way getting paved for the development of markets that are present in the new and emerging economies. The emergence of new markets in the developing economies is playing a major role in increasing the level of competition in the marketplaces all over the world. In an attempt to attain a significant level of competitive advantage in the global as well as the local marketplace, companies are seriously focusing on the process of generation of value for the consumers while keeping a stringent eye on the quality of the product or service that is being provided and delivered to the customers. This brings into focus the importance of conducting an in-depth analysis of the marketing exercises that are bei ng conducted by some of the highly popular global organizations for the purpose of communicating the value of their products or services to the customers. Hence, in an attempt to understand the process of marketing in a more detailed and enhanced manner, this project has been undertaken. The project is multi-faceted in nature. The first part of the project will focus on the process of researching and understanding of the theories related to marketing orientation and on the various factors related to marketing mix. The next part of the project will draw its focus to selecting a specific organization which has a highly diversified its product portfolio and has its presence in multiple countries and markets around the world. The third part of the project will concentrate on studying the product marketing strategies and campaigns that are applied by the selected organization and simultaneously relating the theoretical concepts for a proper analysis of the successfully executed strategie s of the organization. Theoretical Representation Marketing Marketing is a broad term that is used in the context of creating, distributing, communicating and generating value for the customers of a particular segment, in a specific locality, region or marketplace. In broader terms, it is highlighted as a part of the overall process of organizational management that involves identifying, understanding, estimating and finally fulfilling the customers’ needs and wants while effectively utilizing the available resources like manpower, finance etc. That belongs to the firm or the organization. It can be said that, by fulfilling the needs of the customers of a specific market, the companies focus on generating financial returns for the firm, which, in turn, helps to attain sustainable growth in the long term (Wright, 1999, p.13-14). Marketing Orientation It can be said that the marketing approach is a style or approach that is practiced a great deal in the process of value communi cation exercises conducted by the firms today. It is important to state that the marketing

ART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART 2 - Essay Example This paper shall briefly discuss the concept of iconography. Moreover, iconographic evaluation shall also be done on two kings of Mesopotamia and Egypt who represented their culture. Iconography is that study of art that interprets meanings and purpose behind art pieces. The study also deals with the broader understanding of symbols that beholds mysterious and encrypted messages. Iconographers evaluate different content presented in the form of art such as paintings, sculptures etc (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2010). On evaluation of images of Egyptian king, it can be observed that they were always presented surrounded by feminine. This represented Egyptian culture and structure of Egyptian kingdom. It was not known until the iconographers compared all the art pieces of Egyptian king. It was observed that sculptors were made in order to reflect the prestige of kings. Also, iconography helped in understanding that Egyptian kings were drawn after their deaths because that kept them alive in the memories of people. This resulted as an addition of their family prestige and their kingship (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2010). For instance, the image selected for iconographic evaluation of Egyptian king represents Seti I as being welcomed by a Goddess.